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The example below uses Ubuntu, a routed TUN tunnel, UDP port 1194 and the private pool 10.8.0.0/24. Change the pool, LAN routes, interface names and port to fit your network; never choose a VPN subnet that overlaps a client or server LAN.
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Choose the design before installing anything
OpenVPN has several independent choices. Decide them first because the server and every client profile must match on the tunnel device, transport, address family and TLS-control settings.
| Decision | Recommended starting point | Use the alternative when |
|---|---|---|
| Tunnel type | Routed TUN (layer 3) |
Use bridged TAP (layer 2) only when you genuinely need Ethernet broadcasts or applications that cannot be routed. |
| Transport | UDP, commonly port 1194 | TCP can traverse a network that blocks or degrades UDP, but both endpoints must use TCP and the same port. |
| Address pool | A private, non-overlapping subnet such as 10.8.0.0/24 |
Choose another RFC1918 range if any client or reachable LAN already uses that range. |
| Routing | Split tunnel for selected private networks | Full tunnel when all client traffic, including internet traffic, must exit through the VPN server. |
| Authentication | Mutual certificates signed by your CA | Add username/password authentication as a second factor only when your server and client software support and require it. |
| Management | Community OpenVPN with files you administer | Access Server when you want its version-specific administrative and profile-generation workflow. |
A routed TUN deployment is simpler to troubleshoot: the VPN creates an IP interface and routes traffic between the VPN subnet and permitted networks. Bridged TAP extends an Ethernet segment and introduces broadcast, DHCP and loop-prevention considerations that are unnecessary for most remote-access installations.
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Install OpenVPN and Easy-RSA on Ubuntu
You need an Ubuntu host with administrative access, a stable hostname or public address, and a firewall or gateway that can deliver the chosen port to the VPN server. If your home or office connection cannot accept inbound traffic, a VPS can host the endpoint instead; the same PKI and routing principles apply.
sudo apt update
sudo apt install openvpn easy-rsaKeep the CA workspace separate from the running daemon. A common arrangement is an Easy-RSA directory under an administrator-owned location and a server configuration directory readable only by the OpenVPN service. Distribution package paths differ, so verify where your installed service expects server.conf, certificates and keys before copying files.
Build the private PKI with Easy-RSA
OpenVPN certificate authentication is mutual. The client validates the server certificate, and the server validates the client certificate, with both chains anchored at the same CA. The CA certificate (ca.crt) is shared; the CA private key is not. OpenVPN’s guidance is explicit: each client has its own certificate and key pair, while only the CA file is universal.
Initialize the CA
- Enter the Easy-RSA directory and initialize its PKI database.
- Create the CA. Protect the CA key with a strong passphrase unless you have a documented reason not to.
./easyrsa init-pki
./easyrsa build-caRun CA operations on an offline or tightly restricted administration system whenever possible. Do not place ca.key on the VPN server or in a client profile. Anyone who obtains that key can sign certificates trusted by your entire deployment.
Create and sign the server certificate
The following names are examples; use a unique server name in your own PKI.
./easyrsa gen-req myservername nopass
./easyrsa gen-dh
./easyrsa sign-req server myservernamenopass creates an unencrypted private key so the daemon can start without an interactive password. That is operationally convenient but makes file permissions and host security especially important. If your service design supports an encrypted key and a secure unlock mechanism, omit nopass.
Some OpenVPN versions and configurations require Diffie-Hellman parameters; others use an alternative key-exchange configuration. Generate and reference dh.pem only when the selected server configuration calls for it.
Issue one certificate for every client device
Never copy one client private key to several phones, laptops or users. A separate certificate lets you identify and revoke one device without disconnecting every other client.
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./easyrsa gen-req myclient1 nopass
./easyrsa sign-req client myclient1Repeat the two commands with a different common name for each device, such as laptop-alice or phone-bob. Keep an inventory that maps each certificate name to its owner and device. The generated files normally include the CA certificate, signed certificates, private keys and, when used, a TLS-control key. Transfer only the files that the intended endpoint needs.
Write the OpenVPN server configuration
Start from the sample configuration shipped with your OpenVPN package and adapt it rather than combining directives from unrelated versions. This routed example uses UDP and a 10.8.0.0/24 pool:
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proto udp
dev tun
topology subnet
server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
ca ca.crt
cert myservername.crt
key myservername.key
dh dh.pem
tls-crypt ta.key
persist-key
persist-tun
keepalive 10 120
user nobody
group nobody
push "route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0"
status openvpn-status.log
verb 3Replace the example LAN route with the private subnet that clients are allowed to reach. The certificate and key paths can be absolute or relative to the service’s configuration directory; relative paths are easier to manage when all referenced files are stored together.
Select TLS-control protection consistently
The TLS control channel can be protected with tls-auth, tls-crypt or, where supported, tls-crypt-v2. The same mode and compatible key material must be present on both ends. tls-crypt also encrypts the control channel, whereas tls-auth primarily authenticates it. Access Server documentation identifies TLS-Crypt as its default option from version 2.9 onward, but do not copy that product’s defaults into a community server without checking the applicable version.
If you use tls-auth, the server commonly references the key with direction 0 and the client with direction 1. With tls-crypt, both sides reference the same key without a direction value. Generate the key using the syntax supported by the OpenVPN version installed on your server, then protect it like a private credential.
Control client-to-client access
Do not add client-to-client by habit. Without it, clients normally reach the server and routed networks but not one another directly. Add it only when peer-to-peer communication inside the VPN is an explicit requirement, and then apply host-firewall rules to limit which clients may communicate.
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Drop privileges after validating permissions
On Unix-like systems, the sample often uses user nobody and group nobody (some distributions use nogroup). Confirm that the service account can read the certificate, key, CA and TLS files before enabling the privilege drop. The private key should be readable by the daemon and its administrator, not by ordinary users.
Choose split-tunnel or full-tunnel pushes
For split tunneling, push only the private networks clients need. For example:
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push "route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0"
push "route 10.20.0.0 255.255.0.0"For a full tunnel, push a default route:
push "redirect-gateway def1"A full tunnel also requires forwarding, NAT or return routes, and DNS settings that work through the server. If internal DNS is available at 192.168.1.1, you might push it with:
push "dhcp-option DNS 192.168.1.1"Only advertise DNS servers that VPN clients can actually reach. A route can be correct while name resolution still fails.
Make the tunnel reach the LAN or internet
A successful TLS handshake proves authentication and transport, not end-to-end connectivity. The server must forward packets, the host and network firewalls must permit them, and the destination must know how to return traffic to the VPN pool.
Forward the public port
If the VPN server sits behind a gateway, forward UDP port 1194 (or your chosen port) from the gateway’s public address to the server’s LAN address. Set the client’s remote value to the gateway’s public hostname or address, not the server’s private address. If you deliberately use TCP, forward TCP and set proto tcp on both sides.
Enable IPv4 forwarding
sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
echo 'net.ipv4.ip_forward=1' | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/99-openvpn-forward.conf
sudo sysctl --systemEnable IPv6 forwarding separately if you are routing IPv6; an IPv4-only configuration does not automatically provide IPv6 reachability.
Permit forwarding and add NAT when needed
Your host firewall must allow traffic from the tunnel interface to the intended LAN or internet interface and allow established return traffic. A simple iptables example, using tun0 and eth0, is:
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sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o tun0 -d 10.8.0.0/24 -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADEAdapt interface names, source ranges and firewall persistence to your distribution. NAT is convenient when you cannot change the LAN router. Without NAT, add a return route on the LAN router for 10.8.0.0/24 via the VPN server’s LAN address; explicit routing preserves source addresses and is often preferable in managed networks.
Separate LAN access from internet access
LAN access needs a route to the LAN and a return path. Full-tunnel internet access additionally needs a default-route push, forwarding to the upstream interface, NAT or an upstream route for the VPN pool, and working DNS. A client can therefore reach a file server while still failing to browse the internet, or browse by IP while failing to resolve names.
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Assemble a client profile
An .ovpn file is a portable text artifact containing the directives, parameters and certificates needed to establish a connection. A profile normally includes these elements:
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- The same TLS-control mode and key used by the server.
- Persistence, certificate-role and logging options appropriate for the client platform.
This file-reference example assumes the four credential files are stored beside the profile:
client
dev tun
proto udp
remote 198.51.100.20 1194
resolv-retry infinite
nobind
persist-key
persist-tun
remote-cert-tls server
auth-nocache
verb 3
ca ca.crt
cert myclient1.crt
key myclient1.key
tls-crypt ta.keyThe address 198.51.100.20 is a documentation-only example; replace it with your gateway’s public address or DNS name. If a client application expects one file, embed the PEM contents inside <ca>...</ca>, <cert>...</cert>, <key>...</key> and, when applicable, <tls-crypt>...</tls-crypt> blocks. Paste the complete material exactly, including the BEGIN and END lines; never replace it with a sample or truncate it.
Use a unique profile and certificate for each device. A profile contains a private key, so send it over a secure channel, restrict file permissions, avoid storing it in public cloud folders and remove temporary copies from the server after delivery where practical.
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Import a persistent profile and give it an administrative name:
openvpn3 config-import --config myclient1.ovpn --name office-vpn --persistent
openvpn3 configs-listOther OpenVPN clients import the same .ovpn artifact through their platform interface or service. The labels differ, but the required certificate, key, transport and TLS settings do not.
Test in layers
- Confirm the client reports a completed TLS handshake and assigns a VPN address.
- Ping the VPN server’s tunnel-side address. This isolates certificate and tunnel-interface problems from LAN routing.
- Reach one permitted LAN host by IP address.
- Test an internal hostname if the deployment should provide private DNS.
- For full tunnel, check the client’s default route, then test an internet address and DNS name.
Record the client’s assigned address, routes and DNS servers during a successful connection. Those observations make later troubleshooting much faster.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
The client never completes TLS negotiation
- Verify the public port is forwarded to the correct host and that the host firewall permits it.
- Check that both ends use UDP or both use TCP, the same port and compatible address families.
- Confirm the client’s
remotevalue resolves to the gateway’s public address. - Ensure the CA, client certificate, private key and TLS-control key belong together.
- Check server and client clocks. Certificates are rejected when a clock is outside their validity period.
- Look for an expired certificate, an incorrect server name, or a client certificate signed by a different CA.
A message such as a TLS key negotiation timeout usually indicates reachability, firewall, transport or mismatched control-channel settings; it is not fixed by changing LAN routes.
The client connects but cannot reach the VPN gateway
Inspect the client route table and verify that the tunnel interface exists. Check the server’s tunnel address, host firewall and the server configuration’s server pool. If the gateway itself is unreachable, solve the tunnel-side problem before investigating LAN routing.
The gateway responds but LAN hosts do not
Confirm that the server pushed or statically installed the LAN route, that IP forwarding is enabled, and that firewall rules allow traffic from tun0 to the LAN interface. Then inspect the LAN router’s return route for the VPN subnet. Adding NAT can prove a return-path problem, but use an explicit route when preserving client source addresses matters.
LAN access works but full-tunnel internet does not
Check for redirect-gateway def1, forwarding from the tunnel to the internet interface, and a MASQUERADE rule or upstream route for the VPN pool. If public IP tests work but hostnames fail, push a reachable DNS server or configure a client-side DNS policy.
Only one of several clients works
Look for reused certificates or private keys, duplicate common names and copied profiles. Issue a new certificate for each device. Also check whether the VPN pool is exhausted or whether overlapping local subnets cause a client to send traffic to its local network instead of the tunnel.
TCP works where UDP does not
That can indicate a network that blocks or mishandles UDP, but TCP-over-TCP can perform poorly under packet loss. Use TCP as a deliberate compatibility choice, not as a universal performance improvement, and change both the server and every client profile together.
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Revoke credentials and operate the PKI
Plan revocation before issuing certificates. If a laptop or phone is lost, revoke its certificate rather than merely deleting a profile from your inventory.
./easyrsa revoke myclient1
./easyrsa gen-crlDistribute the resulting CRL to the server and reference it with a directive such as crl-verify crl.pem in the server configuration. Reload or restart the service according to your operating system so the new CRL is active. Keep the CA key offline, protect server and client private keys, and limit who can read daemon configuration files.
Maintain a record of certificate names, issue dates, owners, devices and revocation status. Synchronize clocks on the server, gateway and clients because certificate validity depends on time. When replacing a device, issue a new key pair instead of copying the old one.
Community OpenVPN and Access Server are different workflows
They implement the same underlying VPN concepts—certificates, tunnel networks, routes and TLS protection—but their administration differs. A community deployment is normally configured by editing server and client files and operating Easy-RSA yourself. Access Server provides its own management interface and profile-generation process. Follow the documentation for the exact product and version in use; do not paste Access Server-specific defaults or generated-profile commands into a community configuration, or assume that a community configuration can be imported unchanged into Access Server.
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Production readiness checklist
- The VPN subnet does not overlap any client or reachable LAN subnet.
- Every client has a distinct certificate and private key.
- The CA private key is offline or tightly restricted.
- The server and clients agree on
TUN/TAP, UDP/TCP, port, TLS-control mode and key. - The public gateway forwards the selected port to the VPN server.
- IP forwarding, host firewall rules and LAN firewall policies are intentional.
- Each advertised route has a working return path, with NAT used only where appropriate.
- Full-tunnel deployments have tested internet forwarding and DNS.
- Client profiles are transferred securely and protected at rest.
- A revocation procedure and CRL distribution process have been tested.
- Server and client clocks remain synchronized.
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