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How to Choose a Capacitor Discharge IC for an Offline Power Supply

A practical guide to selecting an X-capacitor discharge approach for an offline supply, including passive-versus-active trade-offs and TI controller variant checks.

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Choose the discharge method for the actual X-capacitor, safety target and standby-power budget—not by searching for a supposedly interchangeable “discharge IC.” In an offline AC/DC supply, X-capacitor discharge is usually integrated into a switching controller or implemented as a system-level circuit. The controller’s topology, disconnect sensing and exact variant must fit the complete converter.

Start with the capacitor and the compliance target

An X-rated capacitor is connected across the AC input, commonly as part of the EMI filter. After the supply is unplugged, it can retain voltage at the plug. The discharge circuit must bring that voltage to the required level within the time applicable to the product and market.

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Texas Instruments’ UCC25640x datasheet, Rev. F (revised August 2026), summarizes IEC 60950 and IEC 60065 as requiring a discharge time constant below one second. The same datasheet summarizes IEC 62368 as requiring the X-capacitor voltage to be below 60 V two seconds after AC unplug for capacitance of 300 nF or more. These are the datasheet’s descriptions of the standards, not a substitute for checking the currently applicable standard edition, product scope and compliance interpretation for a particular design. Read the UCC25640x datasheet.

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Record the maximum capacitance in the finished input filter, including tolerances and any configurations that change it. Then establish the required residual voltage and discharge time for the product’s applicable safety requirements. A controller feature rating is useful only if it covers those actual conditions.

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Choose between a passive bleeder and active discharge

Passive bleeder resistor

A resistor or resistor string placed in parallel with the X-capacitor provides a simple, continuously available discharge path. Its trade-off is that it also draws current while AC remains connected, creating standing power loss. TI describes this as a concern when aiming for very low standby power.

TI’s UCC25640x datasheet gives a worked example for a typical 60–100 W supply with a typical 330 nF X-capacitor: 3 MΩ total discharge resistance dissipates 17.63 mW at nominal high line of 230 V. This is a manufacturer example, not a universal resistor value or sizing recommendation. The same datasheet states, in its own design context, “For every 100 nF of capacitance, add a maximum bleed resistor of 10 MΩ in parallel.” Do not apply that guidance outside its stated context without checking the full design and applicable requirements.

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Active switched discharge

An active scheme detects that AC has been disconnected and then switches on a discharge path. It can reduce the continuous loss associated with a bleeder, but depends on reliable disconnect detection and a suitable switched path. Check how the candidate behaves during brownout, brief line interruptions and transients, not only after a clean unplug.

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The UCC25640x implementation is a specific example, not a general description of all active-discharge controllers: it monitors AC zero crossings through its HV pin and uses a staircase test current for detection. Its datasheet says four missed zero crossings at the highest test-current setting confirm disconnect; the controller then enables discharge current for 350 ms. Those thresholds and timing describe this device behavior and should not be assumed for another part.

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Compare documented controller candidates

The following TI devices are starting points documented in the cited product material, not interchangeable discharge ICs or a complete market survey. Feature support is variant-specific; confirm it in the current datasheet and for the exact orderable part before committing to a design.

Candidate Documented fit Checks before selection
UCC256402 / UCC256404 LLC controller family. The UCC25640x datasheet states active X-capacitor discharge support for feature-enabled variants, for up to 5 µF. Confirm that the exact variant enables discharge; some variants disable it. Check package, voltage sensing, input range, auxiliary supply and startup needs, capacitance, and compatibility with the complete LLC/PFC design. UCC256403 lacks high-voltage startup and requires an external auxiliary supply. UCC25640x datasheet.
UCC28630 / UCC28633 TI identifies active X-capacitor discharge for these members of its UCC2863x high-power primary-side-regulated flyback family. Check the precise datasheet and orderable suffix, topology, power range, startup and regulation needs. Do not infer support for UCC28632 from its family membership. UCC2863x product information.
UCC28781 TI’s product page lists X-capacitor discharge for this zero-voltage-switching flyback controller with integrated synchronous-rectifier control. The product-page listing alone does not establish quantitative discharge limits. Consult the current datasheet and verify complete flyback design compatibility. UCC28781 product information.

Check the whole converter, not just the feature name

Before choosing a candidate, compare the requirements and implementation details that determine whether it will work in the intended supply:

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  • Capacitance and discharge result: Confirm maximum X-capacitance and the residual-voltage/time performance for the exact part and conditions.
  • Standby budget: Compare the passive resistor’s continuous dissipation with the active circuit’s behavior and any associated system-level losses.
  • Disconnect detection: Review sensing method, threshold, latency and response to brownout, transient interruptions and line conditions.
  • Power topology and input: Match the controller to LLC, flyback or another intended topology, the line-voltage range and the available input-sensing arrangement.
  • Variant and surrounding circuitry: Verify discharge support, startup and auxiliary-supply needs, package, protections, layout implications and other required components for the exact orderable part.
  • Lifecycle and procurement: Check current part status and availability for the exact ordering code; a family-level product page does not guarantee that a particular variant is orderable.
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Use reference designs as evidence, not as a guarantee

TI’s PMP10804 reference design illustrates the active-discharge trade-off in an offline flyback. The page describes a 100–138 V AC input, isolated 24 V/4 A output (96 W), average efficiency over 86% and no-load consumption below 100 mW. These are the reference design’s stated results, not guaranteed performance for a new implementation. TI describes the design as tested and says it includes a test report. See the PMP10804 reference design.

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Use a reference design to understand an implementation and its stated operating conditions; independently check whether its controller, discharge behavior, input range, safety targets and standby performance match the product being designed.

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