To check an image, inspect the original file’s EXIF, XMP, and IPTC metadata, then use a C2PA-aware validator to look for a signed Content Credential. Treat both results as evidence about the file’s history—not proof that the scene is real or that its caption is true. A missing record proves little: metadata can be removed during editing or sharing, and credentials are not present on every image.
Start with the best available image file
Use the original file if you can, rather than a screenshot or a copy downloaded from a social platform. Keep the received file unchanged and note where it came from. Resaving, converting, or uploading an image may remove some metadata or provenance information, so a check on a later copy may reveal less than a check on the original. IPTC explains how media provenance can be affected by processing and distribution in its media provenance overview; OpenAI also describes provenance signals and their limitations in its guidance on Content Credentials and SynthID.
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Inspect ordinary image metadata
Open the file in a metadata viewer or imaging application that can display EXIF, XMP, and IPTC fields. Check which fields are present and whether they make sense together. The current IPTC Photo Metadata Standard covers information about creators, creation details, places, people or products depicted, and rights. Its 2025.1 release, published in November 2025, also added fields for AI Prompt Information, AI Prompt Writer Name, AI System Used, and AI System Version Used.
- Creator and rights: Look for a creator name, copyright notice, or usage terms. These are claims in the file, not independent proof of authorship or ownership.
- Date and location: Check capture dates, times, and location fields where present. Compare them with the image’s context; a field can be missing, incorrect, or edited.
- Camera and software: Device or software details may help explain how a file was created or processed, but do not by themselves authenticate it.
- Editing and AI-related fields: Review any recorded editing information or AI fields. Their presence may be informative; their absence does not establish that an image was never edited or generated with AI.
Metadata is descriptive information, and ordinary fields are not cryptographically protected simply because they appear in a file. Treat them as clues to cross-check, not as a certificate of authenticity.
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Look for a C2PA Content Credential
A Content Credential is a provenance record associated with an asset. Depending on what was recorded, it can include information about origin, edits, or AI use. A C2PA-aware validator can check a credential’s signed relationship to the asset and report its validation status. The C2PA Content Credentials explainer describes what these records are intended to communicate; the C2PA Technical Specification, version 2.4, was published in 2026.
- Choose a validator suited to the signal. IPTC guidance names the CAI Verify tool for C2PA credentials. OpenAI Verify is intended for supported OpenAI provenance signals, not as a general detector for images from every AI system.
- Submit the original file when possible. A validator can only assess the file and provenance signals it supports. A transformed copy may no longer contain a credential that was present in an earlier version.
- Read the result, signer, and assertions. Note whether validation succeeded, who or what signed the record, what claims or edits it records, and whether the tool reports limitations. A signature check and a signer’s trust status are related but distinct questions.
- Check the validator’s scope. Tools may not display every assertion or support every format. IPTC says its guidance described CAI Verify as showing some basic C2PA information but not the
stds.iptcorstds.exifassertions. Check the tool’s current supported formats and displayed fields before treating a negative result as comprehensive.
See IPTC’s guidance on expressing trust and credibility information in IPTC standards for cautions about interpreting provenance. A valid credential supports the integrity of its signed record and its association with the asset, subject to the validator’s trust assessment. It does not independently prove that the depicted event happened or that every assertion is accurate.
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Interpret the result without overclaiming
| What you find | What it supports | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|
| Metadata fields are present | Some descriptive information is available to assess and cross-check. | That the fields are accurate, unaltered, or independently verified. |
| A credential validates | The validator’s checks support the integrity of the signed record and its association with the file; inspect the signer and recorded assertions. | That the image depicts a real event, that its claims are true, or that the signer is trustworthy merely because validation succeeded. |
| A credential fails validation | The specific failure reported by the validator is worth preserving and investigating. | A particular motive or explanation. A failure alone does not show why validation failed. |
| No metadata or credential is found | Only that this tool found no supported information in this copy. | That the image is fake, authentic, never edited, or never AI-generated. |
For a negative result, report it narrowly: “No credential was found in this file by this tool.” Credentials are optional, and metadata or credentials can be stripped by platforms, editors, or conversion. Tool support also varies. IPTC’s July 8, 2026 announcement of its C2PA FAQ addresses common questions about tools, identity, security, and privacy, including what happens when a CDN strips metadata and whether C2PA detects deepfakes.
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Use metadata and credential assertions to generate questions, then compare them with independent reporting, the original publication context, and other evidence. Check whether dates, locations, creator details, and recorded edits fit the claimed story. A provenance record documents information about an asset’s history; it cannot by itself verify the truth of a caption or the scene shown. The C2PA explainer and IPTC’s trust guidance both caution against treating technical validation as a truth judgment.
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Review privacy before sharing
Metadata can reveal location, identity, or device details that you may not want to publish. Before sharing an image, inspect its fields and remove sensitive information where appropriate. Exact removal steps depend on the operating system and image software; there is no single procedure established here. IPTC’s photo metadata standard and its 2026 FAQ announcement discuss metadata and privacy considerations, including protecting sources and staff at capture.
Quick Recap
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