In Python, capture the current browser view with driver.save_screenshot("screenshot.png"). Run Chrome in headless mode, use a version-pinned Selenium container with enough shared memory, and make sure your CI system collects the file from the process that wrote it.
Capture a screenshot with Selenium
After creating a WebDriver session and navigating to a page, call save_screenshot() with a path writable by the Python test process. The method saves the current browsing context; it is not a general guarantee of a full-page capture. Selenium also provides an element screenshot method when you need an individual element instead.
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from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
options = Options()
options.add_argument("--headless=new")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
try:
driver.get("https://example.com")
saved = driver.save_screenshot("screenshot.png")
if not saved:
raise RuntimeError("Selenium did not save the screenshot")
finally:
driver.quit()Selenium’s Chrome documentation lists --headless=new among commonly used Chrome arguments and documents screenshot methods. Chrome’s headless documentation also shows the argument passed through Selenium Chrome options.
Run Chrome in a Selenium Docker container
The official selenium/standalone-chrome image runs a standalone Selenium Grid endpoint. Start it with port 4444 available to the test process and allocate shared memory:
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docker run --rm -p 4444:4444 --shm-size=2g
selenium/standalone-chrome:4.48.0-20260905This tag is an example from the docker-selenium README, not a claim that it is the latest tag. Select and pin a full image tag suitable for your environment. Selenium recommends starting with --shm-size=2g to help address browser crashes, but says the right allocation depends on workload; tune it rather than treating 2 GB as a universal minimum.
Connect a Python test to the container
When Chrome runs in a separate container, the test process connects to its WebDriver endpoint. The screenshot bytes are returned through WebDriver and the binding writes the requested file path in the test process’s environment.
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from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
options = Options()
options.add_argument("--headless=new")
driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor="http://localhost:4444/wd/hub",
options=options,
)
try:
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.save_screenshot("artifacts/screenshot.png")
finally:
driver.quit()Create the artifacts directory before running this example, and ensure the test process can write to it. In CI, point artifact collection at that process-side path, not at a path inside the browser container. Validate the endpoint path and remote-session behavior against the Selenium version and deployment you actually use.
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Selenium’s Chrome documentation says Selenium 4 is compatible with Chrome v75 and later, and that Chrome and ChromeDriver must match at the major-version level. Pin a full Selenium image tag so the browser and Grid versions are explicit; check the tag’s contents when upgrading rather than relying on an unpinned image name.
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For repeatable output, set the browser window size before navigation or capture, and keep it consistent across runs:
driver.set_window_size(1280, 900)
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.save_screenshot("screenshot.png")A viewport screenshot and a full-page screenshot are different requirements. Selenium’s cited examples establish current-context and element screenshots, not universal full-page behavior. Confirm the capture semantics of the method you choose if the whole document must fit in one image.
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Choose between WebDriver and Chrome’s headless CLI
| Method | Best fit | Capture and output considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Selenium WebDriver | The page must be opened or interacted with through a WebDriver session. | Use driver.save_screenshot(path) for the current browsing context, or an element screenshot method for one element. The test process writes the result at the specified path. |
| Chrome headless CLI | The job only needs a browser command and does not need WebDriver interaction. | Chrome documents --screenshot with an explicit --window-size; this is a separate workflow and should not be assumed to behave identically to WebDriver. |
For example, Chrome documents this command-line form:
chrome --headless=new --screenshot --window-size=412,892 https://developer.chrome.com/See Chrome’s headless documentation for the CLI workflow and options.
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Troubleshoot container screenshots
- Chrome exits or crashes: inspect the container’s
/dev/shmallocation. Selenium recommends--shm-size=2gas a starting workaround; adjust it to the workload. - The session will not start because of a version mismatch: compare Chrome and ChromeDriver major versions, then verify the full Selenium image tag and packaged browser version.
- Headless startup fails after an Xvfb change: consult the docker-selenium README for the exact image tag. Its version-sensitive guidance says newer Chrome/Chromium versions require
SE_START_XVFB=truefor--headless=newat v127+, and for--headlessat v132+. Confirm the guidance for your image instead of assuming headless and Xvfb settings are independent. - The screenshot is missing from CI artifacts: identify where the test process runs, check that the target directory exists and is writable, and configure the artifact collector to use that process-side path.
- The image has the wrong size or composition: set and record the viewport or window size, and check whether you need an element, viewport, or full-page capture.
Or skip the browser setup
ScreenshotNeo is a website screenshot API and MCP server. One GET request can return a screenshot or PDF without running a browser container yourself. For example, save a WebP response with cURL:
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot"
-d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY
--data-urlencode url=https://example.com
-o shot.webpSee the ScreenshotNeo documentation for request options and response details. Cookie and consent banners, newsletter popups, and chat widgets are removed before the shot; each cleanup step can be disabled. Bot checks, blank pages, failed loads, timeouts, and cache hits are not billed, and response headers identify the page verdict and billing status. Its MCP server provides take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf tools for AI agents using Claude, Cursor, or another MCP client. The free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000.
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