For repeatable bulk screenshots, create one Playwright browser context with an explicit viewport width, height, and deviceScaleFactor, then open each URL in that context and save the capture. Decide separately whether each image should show only the viewport or the full page, and whether its output should use CSS pixels or device pixels. Those choices affect the captured area and output dimensions; they are not interchangeable.
Set one capture profile for the batch
A browser context gives the pages in a batch a shared emulation profile. Set the viewport and device scale factor when creating it rather than relying on browser defaults or changing settings implicitly between URLs. Playwright’s emulation documentation describes viewport and device scale factor options: Playwright: Emulation.
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The viewport is the page’s visible browser area in CSS pixels. The device scale factor determines the relationship between CSS pixels and device pixels; it does not change the CSS viewport dimensions. For example, a 1280-by-800 CSS-pixel viewport with a factor of 2 can yield a 2560-by-1600 image when the screenshot uses device-pixel scale.
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Capture a batch with Playwright
Install Playwright and its Chromium browser in your project, then save this as a JavaScript file. Supply URLs as command-line arguments, for example node capture.js https://example.com https://playwright.dev. The script creates a single browser and context, captures each URL in turn, and logs failures without stopping the remaining pages.
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const { chromium } = require('playwright');
const path = require('node:path');
const { createHash } = require('node:crypto');
const urls = process.argv.slice(2);
if (urls.length === 0) {
console.error('Usage: node capture.js <url> [url ...]');
process.exit(1);
}
function outputPathFor(url) {
const hash = createHash('sha256').update(url).digest('hex').slice(0, 12);
return path.resolve(`shot-${hash}.png`);
}
(async () => {
const browser = await chromium.launch();
const context = await browser.newContext({
viewport: { width: 1280, height: 800 },
deviceScaleFactor: 2,
});
try {
for (const url of urls) {
const page = await context.newPage();
try {
const response = await page.goto(url, {
waitUntil: 'networkidle',
timeout: 30000,
});
if (response && !response.ok()) {
console.error(`${url}: HTTP ${response.status()}`);
continue;
}
await page.screenshot({
path: outputPathFor(url),
fullPage: false,
scale: 'device',
type: 'png',
});
console.log(`${url}: saved`);
} catch (error) {
console.error(`${url}: ${error.message}`);
} finally {
await page.close();
}
}
} finally {
await context.close();
await browser.close();
}
})();The example chooses a 1280-by-800 CSS-pixel viewport, device scale factor 2, visible-viewport capture, and device-pixel output. Change those values together only when you intend to change the capture profile. The URL hash in each filename avoids collisions when different URLs have the same page title.
Install and run
- Install Playwright in a project:
npm install playwright. - Install its Chromium browser if it is not already available:
npx playwright install chromium. - Save the script as
capture.jsand run it with one or more URLs as shown above.
Choose the capture area and output scale
Playwright’s screenshot API documents the fullPage and scale options: Playwright: Page screenshot API.
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| Choice | What it captures | When to use it |
|---|---|---|
fullPage: false |
The visible viewport at the configured dimensions. | Use this for consistent above-the-fold comparisons or viewport-specific checks. |
fullPage: true |
The full scrollable page, not just the configured viewport. | Use this when the deliverable needs the whole page. Resulting image dimensions vary with page length, so images are not all the same height. |
scale: 'css' |
An image scaled to CSS-pixel dimensions. | Use this when you want output dimensions to track the CSS viewport rather than device pixel density. |
scale: 'device' |
An image scaled to device pixels. | Use this when the output should preserve high-DPI detail. At high device scale, screenshots may be twice as large or larger in pixel dimensions, increasing file size and storage needs. |
Set both the context’s deviceScaleFactor and the screenshot’s scale intentionally. The former configures emulation; the latter selects the screenshot’s pixel scale. A device scale factor of 2 alone does not mean every saved screenshot will have twice the CSS-pixel dimensions if the capture requests CSS scale.
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waitUntil: 'networkidle' is one possible navigation wait, not a universal guarantee that a page is visually ready. Some sites keep network connections open, load images or data after navigation, animate content, or reveal sections only after interaction. The documented screenshot and emulation APIs do not prescribe a readiness policy for every site.
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- If a known element indicates readiness, wait for that selector with Playwright’s locator or page wait APIs before capturing.
- If a page needs a short settling period after a specific interaction, use a deliberate delay sparingly and document why it is needed.
- For lazy-loaded images on a full-page capture, scroll through the page or otherwise trigger the site’s loading behavior before the screenshot, then verify that the content appeared.
- Record the URL, status, output path, and error for each attempt. This makes it easier to identify partial batches and retry only failed pages.
Keep batch runs manageable
The sequential loop above favors simple failure isolation: one slow or broken URL does not prevent later URLs from being attempted. For larger batches, concurrency can reduce total run time, but each open page consumes resources and competing navigation or rendering can make results less predictable. Add a bounded worker pool rather than opening every page at once, and choose the limit based on the machine and sites involved; the cited API documentation does not define a universal throughput or concurrency value.
- Use stable, collision-resistant output names, and keep a manifest mapping each URL to its result.
- Set navigation timeouts and log per-page outcomes; retry transient failures only a limited number of times.
- Reuse the browser and context for a consistent profile, while closing each page after its capture.
- For reproducibility, keep the browser version, viewport, scale factor, screenshot options, and readiness rule with the batch configuration.
Use Chromium DevTools Protocol for lower-level control
If you need direct Chromium protocol control rather than Playwright’s higher-level page API, the Chrome DevTools Protocol exposes device metrics through Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride and image capture through Page.captureScreenshot. The metrics command includes width, height, and device scale factor; capture can return image data and can target a clip region. See the protocol references for Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride and Page.captureScreenshot.
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This approach is Chromium-specific and lower-level than Playwright. The protocol links point to live “tot” documentation, so check that the commands and options match the Chromium version you deploy. Protocol screenshot data is base64-encoded when transported over JSON; decode it to bytes before writing the image file.
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Troubleshoot common batch problems
- Images have unexpected dimensions: Check the CSS viewport,
deviceScaleFactor, screenshotscale, andfullPageoption. Full-page height reflects page content, not just the viewport. - Some pages time out at network idle: A site may keep network activity alive. Select a more appropriate navigation readiness condition or wait for a page-specific element; neither choice is guaranteed to fit every site.
- Images are blank or incomplete: Confirm navigation succeeded and inspect the page’s readiness condition. Dynamic data, lazy images, consent overlays, and client-side rendering may require a site-specific wait or interaction.
- Later URLs are not attempted: Keep error handling inside the per-URL loop, as in the example, and ensure browser/context cleanup remains in the outer
finally. - Files overwrite each other: Use a stable unique naming scheme based on the URL or an explicit input identifier instead of a shared filename such as
screenshot.png. - High-DPI files are too large: Use CSS scale if device-pixel detail is unnecessary, or reduce the viewport or device scale factor to suit the output requirements.
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use one context for pages that need different viewport sizes?
Yes. Keep the shared context for the common profile, then set an individual page’s viewport when a URL genuinely needs a different size. Playwright documents page-level viewport overrides in its emulation guide.
Does device scale factor change the page’s CSS layout width?
No. The viewport dimensions define the CSS-pixel layout area; device scale factor controls device-pixel density. Screenshot scale then determines whether output follows CSS or device pixels.
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