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World desk6 min

How to Bulk Screenshot Websites with Python on Ubuntu in India

Use Playwright on Ubuntu to capture a list of websites as full-page or viewport screenshots, with per-site error handling and practical setup guidance.
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Use Playwright’s Python library to open a list of URLs, save a screenshot for each, and continue when one site fails. The same local workflow applies on Ubuntu in India; the cited documentation does not specify an India-specific setup. This guide creates full-page PNGs by default, with an easy switch to fixed-viewport captures.

Set up Playwright on Ubuntu

Run these commands in a terminal to create an isolated Python environment and install Playwright with Chromium:

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sudo apt update
sudo apt install python3 python3-venv
mkdir website-shots
cd website-shots
python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install playwright
python -m playwright install chromium

Playwright’s Python guide documents installing the library with pip and installing its browsers; Chromium is a practical choice for this example. Browser installation and system-library requirements can vary with the Ubuntu release. If Chromium fails to launch because a library is missing, consult the current Playwright installation guidance for your release rather than copying a dependency list intended for a different version. Playwright runs browsers headlessly by default, so this workflow does not require opening a desktop browser.

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Put the sites in a URL file

Create a file called urls.txt in the project directory, with one complete URL on each line. Blank lines and lines beginning with # are ignored by the script below.

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https://example.com
https://www.python.org

Capture each URL with Python

Save this as capture.py. It creates a screenshots folder, names each PNG using its list position and hostname, and handles navigation errors per URL so a failed site does not stop later attempts.

from pathlib import Path
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import re

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

INPUT = Path("urls.txt")
OUTPUT = Path("screenshots")
OUTPUT.mkdir(exist_ok=True)


def safe_name(url: str, index: int) -> str:
    host = urlparse(url).netloc or f"page-{index}"
    host = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9.-]+", "_", host)
    return f"{index:03d}_{host}.png"


urls = [
    line.strip()
    for line in INPUT.read_text(encoding="utf-8").splitlines()
    if line.strip() and not line.lstrip().startswith("#")
]

with sync_playwright() as p:
    browser = p.chromium.launch()
    for index, url in enumerate(urls, start=1):
        page = browser.new_page(viewport={"width": 1440, "height": 1000})
        try:
            response = page.goto(url, wait_until="load", timeout=45000)
            page.screenshot(
                path=str(OUTPUT / safe_name(url, index)),
                full_page=True,
            )
            status = response.status if response else "no HTTP response"
            print(f"OK {status} {url}")
        except Exception as exc:
            print(f"ERROR {url}: {exc}")
        finally:
            page.close()
    browser.close()

Run it from the project directory with the virtual environment active:

python capture.py

Successful captures appear as numbered PNG files under screenshots/. The example’s URL loop, filename scheme, timeout, and error handling are implementation choices; adapt them to your workflow. Playwright’s documented API covers the browser launch, navigation, and screenshot operations used here: Python getting started and screenshots.

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Choose full-page or viewport screenshots

Full-page image

The script sets full_page=True. Playwright describes this mode as capturing the full scrollable page as if it fit on a very tall screen. It is useful for a page overview or archival image, but a long page can produce a correspondingly tall image.

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Fixed viewport

To capture only the visible area at the configured 1440 × 1000 viewport, remove full_page=True from the screenshot call:

page.screenshot(path=str(OUTPUT / safe_name(url, index)))

Use a fixed viewport when the goal is comparing what appears above the fold. The viewport dimensions in the example are choices, not a requirement; set them to match the display size you need to represent.

Wait for dynamic pages

wait_until="load" is a reasonable starting point for ordinary pages, but it does not guarantee that every dynamically rendered element, image, or animation has reached the exact visual state you want. For a specific site, wait for a meaningful selector or readiness condition before capturing. Avoid treating one fixed sleep as a universal solution: sites load content differently.

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Handle failures and larger batches carefully

  • Keep going after an error: the per-URL try/except logs the problem and allows the next URL to run. Review the printed URL and exception to identify failures.
  • Inspect unexpected images: redirects, authentication walls, consent screens, and bot challenges may be captured instead of the intended page. The script does not guarantee that every site can be captured successfully.
  • Use deliberate timeouts: the example allows up to 45 seconds for navigation. Increase or decrease that value based on the sites and network you are working with; a timeout is not proof that a site is permanently unavailable.
  • Keep the request rate modest: a sequential loop is straightforward to debug and avoids launching a burst of concurrent navigations. No single request rate is guaranteed to be safe or permitted for every target site; consider the site’s rules and your organization’s policies.
  • Protect the output: the sample filenames use hostnames, not full URLs, so query strings are not written into filenames. If you customize naming, avoid including secrets or sensitive query parameters.

Playwright or Selenium?

For a new script, Playwright is a direct fit because the Python API documents browser launch, navigation, and screenshots, and its install command can install browser builds. Selenium is a reasonable alternative if your project already uses it or needs its supported browser choices: its Python documentation lists Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari, and other browsers, and Selenium Manager handles driver setup for most supported platforms and browsers. The cited material does not establish a speed winner, so choose based on project familiarity, setup needs, and required browsers.

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What changes for Ubuntu users in India?

The documented local Python and browser workflow does not call for a separate India-specific configuration. Your connection, target website behavior, proxy needs, or workplace policies may affect individual runs, but those conditions are not established as India-wide limitations. Playwright documents proxy configuration for browser downloads if your network requires it; see its browser installation and configuration guidance.

Or skip the browser setup

If you want an API instead of maintaining a local browser script, ScreenshotNeo takes a website URL in one GET request and returns a screenshot or PDF. Example using cURL:

curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webp

See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options. Cookie banners are accepted and removed along with supported consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each step can be disabled. Bot checks, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and response headers report the page verdict and billing status. An MCP server exposes screenshot, page-info, and PDF tools to AI agents. The Free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots.

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Sign up for 1,000 free screenshots a month, with no card required.

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Troubleshooting

playwright is not found

Activate the virtual environment from the project directory with source .venv/bin/activate, then install the package with python -m pip install playwright. Using python -m helps ensure the package installation and script use the same Python interpreter.

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Chromium does not launch

Confirm the browser install completed with python -m playwright install chromium. If the error names a missing system library, use the current Playwright installation instructions appropriate to your Ubuntu release; available packages and requirements can differ.

A URL fails or times out

Check that the URL includes its scheme, such as https://, and open the site from the same machine and network. The script prints the URL and exception. If only a subset fails, check those sites for redirects, access controls, network restrictions, or slow/dynamic loading, and adjust the timeout or wait condition for that site.

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The screenshot is incomplete or shows a challenge

Full-page capture changes the captured height, not the site’s access permissions or rendering behavior. Check whether the page requires login, displays a consent dialog, lazy-loads content, or presents a bot check. Add a site-specific readiness step where appropriate; some pages may not be capturable in the intended state.

The output folder is empty

Make sure urls.txt is in the current working directory, contains non-comment URL lines, and that the script ran without a Python error. Run pwd and ls to verify the directory and files, then rerun python capture.py.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I save screenshots as JPEG or WebP with Playwright?

Yes. Playwright’s screenshot API supports image formats beyond PNG; set the format option supported by the installed API and use a matching file extension.

Can I screenshot just one element instead of the whole page?

Yes. Playwright’s screenshot API supports element screenshots; locate the element and call its screenshot method rather than taking a page screenshot.

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Does this script work on every website?

No. A site may require authentication, block automation, or render content in a way that needs site-specific waiting. The script reports individual errors but cannot guarantee a successful intended capture for every URL.

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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