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What the batch needs to do
Puppeteer’s documented capture primitive is Page.screenshot(): navigate a page, then save the image. For a database batch, keep selection and capture as distinct steps. Select a stable row ID with each URL, validate URLs before navigation, and never use a raw URL as a local filename. Reuse one browser, limit the number of pages active at once, and record each row’s outcome independently.
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The example below assumes a SQLite table named pages with numeric id and text url columns. It writes PNG files under screenshots/ and continues when an individual page fails.
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The puppeteer package downloads a compatible Chrome during installation. Use it when the deployment environment can install and run that browser. puppeteer-core does not download a browser; choose it only when your environment separately manages the browser executable or connection. If installation scripts were blocked by a package manager, the expected browser may be missing at runtime; check the current Puppeteer installation guide.
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npm install puppeteer better-sqlite3Create a SQLite database with a table such as:
CREATE TABLE pages (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
url TEXT NOT NULL
);Insert the target rows using your application’s normal database workflow. The screenshot script uses a parameter-free read query here because it processes all rows; if the batch should be restricted, use a parameterized query with the appropriate IDs or conditions rather than concatenating user input into SQL.
Run a bounded Puppeteer batch
Save this as capture.js. It reads rows in ID order, checks that each URL is HTTP or HTTPS, names each file from the database ID, and starts no more than CONCURRENCY page jobs at once. The concurrency setting is an example, not a universal safe limit; tune it for the machine, browser, and target sites.
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const fs = require('node:fs/promises');
const path = require('node:path');
const Database = require('better-sqlite3');
const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
const DB_PATH = process.env.DB_PATH || 'pages.sqlite';
const OUTPUT_DIR = process.env.OUTPUT_DIR || 'screenshots';
const CONCURRENCY = Number(process.env.CONCURRENCY || 3);
const NAVIGATION_TIMEOUT_MS = Number(process.env.NAVIGATION_TIMEOUT_MS || 30000);
if (!Number.isInteger(CONCURRENCY) || CONCURRENCY < 1) {
throw new Error('CONCURRENCY must be a positive integer');
}
function validateUrl(value) {
if (typeof value !== 'string' || value.trim() === '') {
throw new Error('URL is empty');
}
const parsed = new URL(value);
if (parsed.protocol !== 'http:' && parsed.protocol !== 'https:') {
throw new Error(`Unsupported URL protocol: ${parsed.protocol}`);
}
return parsed.href;
}
async function main() {
await fs.mkdir(OUTPUT_DIR, { recursive: true });
const db = new Database(DB_PATH, { readonly: true });
let rows;
try {
rows = db.prepare('SELECT id, url FROM pages ORDER BY id').all();
} finally {
db.close();
}
const browser = await puppeteer.launch({ headless: true });
const results = new Array(rows.length);
let nextIndex = 0;
async function worker() {
while (true) {
const index = nextIndex++;
if (index >= rows.length) return;
const row = rows[index];
let page;
const filename = `${String(row.id)}.png`;
const outputPath = path.join(OUTPUT_DIR, filename);
try {
const url = validateUrl(row.url);
page = await browser.newPage();
page.setDefaultNavigationTimeout(NAVIGATION_TIMEOUT_MS);
await page.goto(url, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
await page.screenshot({ path: outputPath, type: 'png', fullPage: true });
results[index] = { id: row.id, ok: true, file: outputPath };
} catch (error) {
results[index] = { id: row.id, ok: false, error: error.message };
} finally {
if (page) await page.close().catch(() => {});
}
}
}
try {
await Promise.all(
Array.from({ length: Math.min(CONCURRENCY, rows.length) }, () => worker())
);
} finally {
await browser.close();
}
for (const result of results) {
if (result.ok) {
console.log(`OK id=${result.id} file=${result.file}`);
} else {
console.error(`FAIL id=${result.id} error=${result.error}`);
}
}
const failures = results.filter((result) => !result.ok).length;
console.log(`Finished ${results.length} rows; ${failures} failed.`);
if (failures > 0) process.exitCode = 1;
}
main().catch((error) => {
console.error(error);
process.exitCode = 1;
});Run it from the directory containing pages.sqlite:
node capture.jsOptional environment variables let you change the database path, output directory, worker count, and navigation timeout without editing the script:
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The sample uses waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' to proceed when the initial document has been parsed. That does not guarantee that every image, font, client-rendered component, or lazy-loaded section is ready. Select readiness based on the pages being captured rather than assuming one navigation event fits every site.
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domcontentloaded: useful when the initial document is enough and waiting for all network activity would stall or delay the batch.load: waits for the page load event, which can suit conventional pages but still does not ensure later dynamic content is finished.networkidlevariants: can help with pages that settle after requests finish, but analytics, polling, and persistent connections may prevent a page from becoming idle. Puppeteer navigation and timeout behavior is documented in its Page.goto reference.
In the screenshot call, fullPage: true captures beyond the current viewport. Puppeteer’s documented default is false, so specify the choice rather than relying on the default. Use type to select PNG, JPEG, or WebP where supported by the current API; PNG is the documented default. quality applies to applicable lossy formats, not PNG. clip can target a region, captureBeyondViewport controls capture outside the viewport, and omitBackground requests transparency. See the official ScreenshotOptions reference for the current option details.
Adapt the database and output handling
Use your database’s query and driver
Only the SQL selection and connection code are database-specific. Keep the returned shape equivalent to { id, url }, and use a query that selects only the intended rows. For large tables, fetch a bounded set at a time using a stable ordering or keyset pagination rather than loading every row into memory; preserve the same unique row identifier when writing the file.
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Keep output names stable and safe
The example uses the database ID rather than a URL-derived filename, so duplicate URLs do not overwrite each other and URL characters cannot become path components. If IDs are not unique across tables or capture runs, include a sanitized namespace or run identifier in the filename. Decide whether a rerun should overwrite prior images or write into a new run directory.
Choose files or in-memory results
page.screenshot({ path }) writes to a path. Without a path, Puppeteer returns image data that the application can upload or store in another backend. For very large batches, consider how image buffers and database rows are streamed or persisted so memory use does not grow without bound.
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Concurrency, retries, and reliability
A single Puppeteer Browser can have multiple Page instances, so a batch can use parallel page jobs while reusing the browser. More workers may reduce elapsed time, but also increase CPU and memory use and load on target sites. There is no documented universally safe worker count; start conservatively, monitor browser stability and target responses, then adjust for the deployment.
- Each page is closed in a
finallyblock, including after navigation or capture errors. - Each row produces a success or failure record, and a failure sets a nonzero process exit code after the remaining rows finish.
- Retries are intentionally omitted. Add them only with a defined limit and policy, and distinguish transient navigation failures from invalid input or permanent access errors.
- For resumable jobs, persist per-row status and output location outside the process; a console log alone is not durable job tracking.
- Use only URLs your application is permitted to fetch. URL parsing and protocol checks do not by themselves prevent access to internal services or other server-side request risks; enforce your application’s network and hostname policy.
Troubleshooting common failures
- Browser executable missing: with
puppeteer, verify installation completed and its browser download was not blocked. Withpuppeteer-core, configure the browser executable or connection supplied by your environment. - Invalid URL or unsupported protocol: inspect the database value and normalize it according to your application’s rules; the sample accepts only absolute HTTP and HTTPS URLs.
- Navigation timeout: the site may be slow, blocked, or continuously active. Adjust the timeout deliberately, consider a different readiness condition, or mark the row for investigation rather than retrying indefinitely.
- Screenshot is incomplete:
domcontentloadedmay occur before client-rendered content or lazy images appear. Add a targeted selector wait or other site-specific readiness condition before capture. - Blank, blocked, or challenge page: the target may require authentication, reject automation, or present a bot check. Respect access controls and site terms; do not treat a completed navigation as proof the intended content loaded.
- Files overwrite one another: ensure the output key is unique for every row and run. Do not base it on an unsanitized URL.
- Machine runs out of resources: lower the bounded worker count, reduce full-page captures where unnecessary, or split the batch into smaller chunks.
Or skip the browser setup
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curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webpUse the URL from each database row in place of https://stripe.com, and store the response under the corresponding stable row ID. Sign up for 1,000 free screenshots a month with no card.
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