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Build a Node.js package on Linux by creating a project directory, generating package.json with npm init, writing and testing the module, inspecting the exact files npm will upload, authenticating your npm account, and publishing with the command that matches your package scope. Use npm publish for an unscoped public package; use npm publish --access public for a scoped package.
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The irreversible step is publication: an npm package name and version cannot be reused after that version has been published, even if the package is later unpublished. Confirm the registry, name, version, package contents, and authentication method before approving the upload.
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What you need before creating the package
You need a Linux shell, Node.js with npm available on your PATH, and an npm account for publication. This workflow applies to a package intended for the public npm registry. Decide first whether the package name will be unscoped, such as string-tools, or scoped, such as @acme/string-tools.
An unscoped name occupies the global npm namespace and is always public. A scoped name belongs to a user or organization namespace and is private by default. A scoped package becomes public only when you publish it with --access public.
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Unscoped and scoped packages
| Package type | Name format | Default visibility | Public publication command |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unscoped | package-name |
Always public | npm publish |
| Scoped | @scope-name/package-name |
Private by default | npm publish --access public |
Choose the final name carefully. npm treats the name-and-version pair as permanently consumed after publication. A typo in either value can therefore create a lasting maintenance problem.
1. Create the project directory
Start in the location where you keep source projects. The directory name does not have to match the eventual package name, but using a descriptive directory reduces mistakes when you test or publish.
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cd my-packageRun all package commands from this project root, the directory that will contain package.json. npm’s module documentation specifies that npm init should be run in the root directory of the Node.js module.
2. Generate and edit package.json
Initialize an unscoped package
For an ordinary public package, run:
npm initnpm asks for manifest values interactively and writes package.json. Review every answer rather than accepting a default blindly, especially the package name, version, description, entry point, and license fields.
Initialize a scoped package
To start with a scope, run:
npm init --scope=@scope-nameReplace @scope-name with the npm user or organization scope that will own the package. The resulting name follows the @scope-name/package-name format.
Check the identity fields
At minimum, verify these manifest values before writing code:
name: the exact unscoped or scoped identifier you intend to publish.version: the release number. npm recommends starting a new module at semantic version1.0.0.main: the entry point for the basic CommonJS package example; it should identify the file consumers load.
The manifest is the package’s public identity and installation metadata. A package can contain excellent code and still be difficult to consume if its entry point or name is wrong, so inspect package.json as a deliberate review step.
3. Write the module, documentation, and tests
Implement the module
Create the source file named by main, or adjust main to the file you actually create. Keep the first release focused: expose a clear function or API, use predictable inputs and outputs, and avoid including unrelated experiments in the package directory.
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Write a useful README
Add a README that answers the questions a new user has immediately after installation:
- What problem does the package solve?
- How is it installed?
- What is the smallest working usage example?
- What inputs, outputs, and limitations should callers expect?
- Where should users report bugs or find the source?
Documentation is part of the published package experience. A technically correct module with no installation or usage explanation creates avoidable support work.
Add tests
Write tests for the public behavior you promise, including normal inputs and important failure cases. Run the test suite locally before packaging. The publication command does not replace testing; it only uploads the package version you have prepared.
4. Inspect exactly what npm will publish
Use npm’s dry-run packaging command before uploading:
npm pack --dry-runThis lets you review the file list npm would place in the package archive without creating a release on the registry. Treat the output as a security and quality gate, not merely a size check.
Remove sensitive material
npm strongly recommends removing private keys, passwords, personally identifiable information, and credit-card data before publication. Search the project deliberately for credentials and personal data rather than assuming they are absent.
- Delete local key files and password stores from the package directory.
- Remove configuration files containing tokens or service credentials.
- Check test fixtures and example files for real customer, employee, or payment information.
- Review generated logs, dumps, and debugging artifacts for secrets.
Control the file list
Use .npmignore or .gitignore to exclude files that should not ship. Re-run npm pack --dry-run after every exclusion change. Pay particular attention to private notes, local build output, editor files, and test data. The dry-run list is the concrete answer to “what will be uploaded?”; do not rely only on what appears in your editor or source-control view.
Confirm the registry and package name
Before authentication or publication, open package.json and verify the intended registry context and exact package name. This check catches accidental publication under a similarly named project or to an unintended registry configuration.
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5. Test installation from outside the project
A module can work when loaded from its own directory while failing after installation. Test it from a separate directory so that imports resolve as a consumer would experience them.
- Create or choose a clean directory outside
my-package. - Install the local package by path with
npm install path/to/my-package. - Run a small script or the package’s tests from that external directory.
- Exercise the documented entry point and representative API calls.
For a package that has already been published, install the published package name in the clean directory as an additional smoke test. This verifies that the registry copy, manifest, packed files, and consumer-facing entry point work together.
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Publishing requires one of npm’s accepted authentication arrangements: two-factor authentication enabled on the account, or a granular access token with bypass 2FA enabled. npm documents this requirement explicitly for publishing.
Use account 2FA
Enable 2FA on the npm account and complete the one-time-code challenge when npm requests it. Keep recovery information available according to npm’s account guidance; losing the second factor can block releases.
Use a granular access token
A granular token can be used when your release process needs token-based authentication. Scope it as narrowly as practical, protect it as a secret, and avoid placing it in source files, shell history, README examples, or build logs. A token with bypass 2FA enabled is required for publishing when that authentication path is used.
Prefer trusted publishing in supported CI
For automated releases, consider npm trusted publishing where supported instead of storing a long-lived publish token in CI variables. npm states that GitHub Actions and GitLab CI/CD can receive provenance information through that workflow. Confirm that your repository and CI provider meet npm’s current requirements before switching a release pipeline.
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7. Publish the package with the correct visibility
Publish an unscoped public package
From the project root, run:
npm publishUnscoped packages are always public. The version becomes available as soon as npm accepts the publication.
Publish a scoped public package
For a scoped package intended for public installation, run:
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npm publish --access publicWithout the access flag, a scoped package is private by default. The command therefore communicates an intentional visibility decision as well as performing the upload.
Use the release sequence
A compact sequence for a first release looks like this:
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npm pack --dry-run
npm publishFor a scoped package, initialize with npm init --scope=@scope-name and replace the final command with npm publish --access public.
Direct publication versus staged publication
Direct publication makes the selected version live immediately after npm accepts it. That is simple and appropriate when the package has passed your checks and the maintainer is ready for release.
Staged publication separates submission from approval. npm documents this command flow:
npm stage publish
npm stage list
npm stage approve <stage-id>CI can submit a stage first, allowing a maintainer to review it before approval. Approval requires 2FA. This creates a deliberate review point for organizations that want automation to prepare a release without giving automation unrestricted final-release authority.
| Release method | When the version becomes live | Review point | CI fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct publication | Immediately after npm publish succeeds |
Before the command runs | Suitable when CI is trusted to release automatically |
| Staged publication | After a maintainer approves the stage | After CI submits and before approval | Suitable when CI prepares releases and a maintainer retains final approval |
Pre-publication checklist
Run this checklist immediately before the final command:
- Confirm the intended registry and exact package name in
package.json. - Confirm that the version is the release you mean to publish.
- Run the complete test suite.
- Install and exercise the package from a clean external directory.
- Run
npm pack --dry-runand inspect every file in the proposed archive. - Remove private keys, passwords, PII, payment data, tokens, and unrelated local files.
- Verify that
README, source files, and the entry point are included. - Confirm whether the package is unscoped public or scoped public and use the matching command.
- Confirm that 2FA or a narrowly scoped granular token is ready.
- Recheck the name-and-version pair because it cannot be reused after publication.
Common failures and how to recover
The package is unexpectedly private
This usually means the package is scoped and was published without --access public. Check the name format in package.json. For a scoped package that should be public, publish the next version with npm publish --access public after correcting the release plan.
Publishing stops at an authentication or 2FA prompt
Confirm that the npm account has 2FA enabled, or that the granular token has bypass 2FA enabled. For CI, verify that the secret is present without printing it and consider trusted publishing where the provider is supported. Do not weaken account security by copying a long-lived token into the repository.
Unwanted files appear in the archive
Stop before publishing, add appropriate exclusions to .npmignore or .gitignore, and run npm pack --dry-run again. Continue only when the dry-run list contains the files consumers need and no confidential material.
Consumers cannot load the package
Install it from a clean external directory and inspect the main value in package.json. Make sure the referenced entry file is included in the dry-run archive and that the documented import or require example matches the exported API.
The name or version is already unavailable
Do not try to work around npm’s permanence rule by repeatedly changing publication commands. Select a new package name or a new version only after confirming the release identity. A published name-and-version pair remains consumed even if the package is unpublished.
A staged release is waiting for approval
List stages with npm stage list, review the stage identifier and submitted contents, then approve the intended stage with npm stage approve <stage-id>. The approval step requires 2FA, so complete that challenge with the account authorized to release.
Putting the workflow into a repeatable release routine
For every later version, repeat the same gates rather than treating the first publication as a one-time ceremony. Update the code and README together, select the next version, run tests, install from outside the project, inspect the dry-run archive, and recheck credentials and visibility. A small package deserves the same attention to package contents and release identity as a large one because consumers receive exactly the archive you approve.
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Complete command reference
mkdir my-package
cd my-package
npm init
# edit package.json, write code, README, and tests
npm pack --dry-run
npm publish # unscoped public package
npm publish --access public # scoped public packageStaged release commands:
npm stage publish
npm stage list
npm stage approve <stage-id>The safest publication is the one where the package identity, visibility, archive contents, external installation, and authentication method have all been checked before the final command.
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