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A concrete supercapacitor is made by turning cement into a carbon-containing electrode, then pairing two electrodes with an electrolyte and separator for testing. Published methods use conductive carbon black—not just any black pigment—and vary the mix, curing, electrolyte conditioning, and cell design. These are laboratory research procedures, not a validated DIY power system or a building-ready energy-storage product.
What a concrete supercapacitor is
In these research devices, cement provides a solid matrix and conductive carbon black creates an electrically active network within it. The cement-carbon material is one electrode; a working cell uses two electrodes, an electrolyte that carries ions, and a separator that keeps the electrodes apart while allowing ionic movement.
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The recipe is not universal. Carbon-black grade and loading, water-to-cement proportion, specimen dimensions and porosity, hydration state, electrolyte, and test conditions all affect reported performance. A preparation method should therefore be read as one study’s experimental design, not a transferable construction recipe.
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Materials used in published studies
Core carbon-cement mixture
The 2023 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) study describes a dry mixture of Portland cement and nanocarbon black, combined with water and superplasticizer. Its samples were sealed during hydration, cut, and saturated with 1 M potassium chloride (KCl) electrolyte before testing. Read the 2023 PNAS study.
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A later, study-specific formulation
A 2025 PNAS study used Type I Portland cement, Ketjenblack EC-600JD carbon black, deionized water, and a polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer. It reports carbon black at 12.8% of cement mass for mixes discussed in one section and 13.8% for other mixes. For mortar specimens, it used standard silica sand smaller than 2 mm at a 1:1 sand-to-cement mass ratio. These values describe that study’s formulations; they are not a general-purpose mix specification. Read the 2025 PNAS study.
The same study describes different electrolyte-conditioning routes for different specimen groups: some mixes incorporated electrolyte into the mixing water and were cured in 2 M KCl; other hardened samples were dried at 60 °C and vacuum-immersed in electrolyte for 48 hours. Those alternatives should not be merged into a single recipe.
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Why carbon and specimen structure matter
Carbon-black type, amount, and distribution affect how well the material conducts and stores charge. A 2024 Journal of Energy Storage microstructure study also investigates pressure molding, carbon-black content, and porosity as performance variables. See the 2024 microstructure study.
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The following is a high-level account of published laboratory workflows, not a safe or validated home-build protocol. Follow the exact methods and safety requirements of a study or laboratory rather than treating the sequence as interchangeable steps.
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- Combine the dry constituents. Mix Portland cement with the specified conductive carbon black. Add water and a suitable superplasticizer where the study uses one; formulation and proportions vary by experiment.
- Mold and condition the specimen. Shape the mixture and cure or hydrate it under the study’s stated conditions. Researchers have varied curing age, electrolyte exposure, and molding pressure, so there is no single established schedule for all formulations.
- Finish the electrodes. Cut or finish specimens to the geometry required for the test. An ASME account of one procedure describes four weeks of hardening, cutting disks, and soaking them in potassium chloride. That timing and disk geometry belong to the particular procedure described, not to a universal standard. Read the ASME account.
- Condition with electrolyte. Saturate the hardened electrodes using the electrolyte and method specified for that experiment. The 2023 PNAS samples were saturated with 1 M KCl; the 2025 PNAS study reports distinct approaches for different specimen groups.
- Assemble the test cell. Place two electrolyte-conditioned electrodes on opposite sides of a separator wetted with electrolyte. In the 2023 PNAS setup, the electrodes were polished and saturated, the separator was a glass-fiber membrane soaked in 1 M KCl, and conductive graphite paper was used in the cell configuration.
How electrochemical performance is measured
Cyclic voltammetry
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) applies a changing voltage and records the resulting current. The current response helps characterize electrochemical behavior; comparisons depend on the scan rate and the cell and electrode conditions.
Galvanostatic charge-discharge
Galvanostatic charge-discharge testing applies current while tracking voltage over time. The 2023 PNAS study reports both CV and galvanostatic charge-discharge, with analysis that accounts for rate and current effects. It also reports EDS-Raman characterization of carbon-network texture.
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Make comparisons on equivalent terms
A headline capacitance or energy-density value is meaningful only alongside the conditions and normalization used to obtain it. When comparing studies, check:
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- Water-to-cement proportion, curing or hydration age, and any electrolyte exposure during mixing or curing.
- Electrode area and thickness, porosity, and whether specimens were pressure-molded.
- Electrolyte composition and concentration, separator, and cell configuration.
- Test rate or applied current, and whether the result is normalized by area, volume, or mass.
What published performance numbers do—and do not—show
The 2023 PNAS paper estimates a maximum volumetric energy density of 20–220 Wh/m³, depending on the specific surface area of the carbon black. Its supplementary paper illustrates the scale by estimating that about 45 m³ of the high-specific-surface-area carbon-black-doped concrete would correspond to roughly 10 kWh of average daily residential consumption. These are research estimates and a scale illustration, not a demonstration of a residential installation or a product guarantee. Read the PNAS supplementary paper.
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Performance can also change as cement hydrates. A 2025 Journal of Energy Storage study reports hydration products covering carbon-black particles and a 74% capacitance decrease during curing under its tested conditions. That percentage is specific to the study’s materials and conditions; it should not be applied to other mixes or curing protocols. Read the 2025 hydration study.
A separate 2025 PNAS engineered system reports an areal capacitance of 1708 mF cm−2 and more than 83% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. It uses thermomechanical consolidation and a polymerized conductive hydrogel electrolyte, so those figures are not results for a basic carbon-cement recipe. See the system and methods in the 2025 PNAS study.
Safety and practical limits
The cited work describes laboratory research, not consumer safety certification, building-code approval, or a validated household-scale DIY energy-storage system. Carbon black is a fine powder; cement and electrolyte require appropriate handling. Use the relevant product safety data and institutional laboratory controls. Do not charge an improvised cell at high voltage or connect it to household wiring.
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