Use Playwright Test projects to run the same screenshot test across selected browser engines and mobile or custom viewport configurations. Configure the matrix in playwright.config.ts, then use page.screenshot() to save an image or toHaveScreenshot() to check it against a visual baseline. These projects emulate browser and device settings; they do not prove how a page behaves on physical mobile hardware.
Configure projects for responsive screenshot coverage
A Playwright Test project is a logical group of tests with its own configuration. Projects can run the same test files with different browsers, device profiles, viewports, or other settings. This makes a project matrix useful for checking whether the same page remains usable and visually consistent under chosen conditions. See the Playwright projects guide.
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Install Playwright Test and its browser binaries if they are not already installed in your project. The example below uses the standard Playwright Test runner and imports browser/device settings from @playwright/test.
// playwright.config.ts
import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test';
export default defineConfig({
testDir: './tests',
projects: [
{
name: 'chromium-desktop',
use: {
...devices['Desktop Chrome'],
viewport: { width: 1440, height: 900 },
},
},
{
name: 'firefox-desktop',
use: {
...devices['Desktop Firefox'],
viewport: { width: 1440, height: 900 },
},
},
{
name: 'webkit-desktop',
use: {
...devices['Desktop Safari'],
viewport: { width: 1440, height: 900 },
},
},
{
name: 'mobile-chrome',
use: {
...devices['Pixel 7'],
},
},
{
name: 'mobile-safari',
use: {
...devices['iPhone 13'],
},
},
],
});Device preset names and available configurations are maintained by Playwright and can change. Check the emulation guide for current profiles and supported settings. In the desktop examples, the explicit viewport follows the spread preset so it overrides the preset dimensions.
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Choose a device profile or an exact breakpoint
Use a profile for representative mobile emulation
A device profile is more than a screenshot width. Depending on the profile, Playwright can simulate a user agent, screen size, viewport, and touch behavior. Browser context settings can also emulate properties such as locale, timezone, geolocation, permissions, and color scheme. That helps test responsive layouts and browser-dependent behavior under a defined configuration; it is still emulation, not a physical phone.
Set the viewport for a design breakpoint
When a test needs to target an exact responsive breakpoint, configure viewport explicitly in the project. For example, use the width and height specified by your design or QA coverage plan. Configuration is the clearer choice when that size is a stable test condition. Use await page.setViewportSize({ width: 768, height: 1024 }) inside a test when one scenario deliberately changes widths at runtime.
When spreading a device profile and then changing viewport, put viewport after ...devices['Profile Name']. Otherwise the later-spread profile may replace the dimensions you intended.
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Run all configured projects from the project directory:
npx playwright testFor faster iteration, select one project by its configured name:
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npx playwright test --project=mobile-chromeProject names also help keep screenshot baselines separate when the same test runs under multiple configurations. Choose the matrix deliberately: adding browser and viewport combinations expands coverage, but also adds test runs and baseline images to maintain. Playwright does not prescribe a universal matrix; prioritize the browsers and responsive widths that matter to your site.
Save screenshots or assert against visual baselines
Save a screenshot file
Use page.screenshot() when the test should produce an image artifact rather than pass or fail on a visual comparison.
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import { test } from '@playwright/test';
test('save the homepage screenshot', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('https://example.com');
await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/homepage.png' });
});By default, this captures the current viewport. To capture the full scrollable document, set fullPage: true:
await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/homepage-full.png', fullPage: true });Viewport capture answers “what is visible at this size?” Full-page capture answers “what does the document look like from top to bottom?” Use the mode that matches the defect or acceptance check. The Page API documents screenshot options, including scale: 'css' outputs one pixel per CSS pixel, while 'device' outputs one pixel per device pixel and can produce larger files on high-DPI profiles.
Compare a visual baseline
Use toHaveScreenshot() when the screenshot itself is a regression assertion. It is a Playwright Test assertion, not a general-purpose method on every Playwright setup.
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// tests/homepage.visual.spec.ts
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
test('homepage matches its visual baseline', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('https://example.com');
await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot('homepage.png');
});The first run creates a reference screenshot; later runs compare against it. When projects are configured, snapshot naming can include project names to keep the configurations’ references distinct. Playwright’s visual comparisons guide describes controls including maxDiffPixels and stylesheet filtering.
Use comparison tolerance only for variation you have decided is acceptable. A broad tolerance can conceal a real layout regression. If a proposed baseline changes, inspect the image difference and update the reference only when the new appearance is intended.
Make screenshot checks repeatable
Playwright warns that “Browser rendering can vary based on the host OS, browser version, settings, hardware, power source (battery vs. power adapter), headless mode, and other factors.” For stable visual comparisons, create and compare baselines in a consistent environment, including the same operating system and browser version where practical.
- Keep the browser, operating system, and test settings consistent between baseline creation and comparison.
- Control genuinely dynamic content, such as timestamps or rotating promotions, with test data or appropriate masking and styling options.
- Use stylesheet filtering or masks for volatile regions only when those regions are intentionally outside the visual assertion.
- Review changed screenshots instead of accepting every new output as the correct baseline.
- Decide whether the test is viewport-only or full-page before interpreting a difference.
What responsive emulation establishes—and what it does not
Project-based emulation lets the same tests exercise selected browser configurations, screen and viewport dimensions, touch behavior, and other supported context settings. It is a practical way to catch layout and visual changes across a planned matrix without requiring a physical device for each run.
It does not establish that the page behaves identically on real mobile hardware. Playwright documents a separate Android API, labeled experimental, that requires an Android device or AVD; that is not required for the project-based emulation workflow. See the Android API documentation if physical Android testing is a separate requirement.
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Troubleshoot common screenshot-test failures
A project name is not recognized
Check that the value after --project= exactly matches a project’s name in playwright.config.ts. Run npx playwright test to verify the configuration is being loaded and the configured projects run.
The captured width does not match the intended breakpoint
Check where viewport appears in the use object. If you spread a device preset, put the explicit viewport after the spread. Also check whether the test changes the viewport later with page.setViewportSize().
The screenshot includes only the visible portion of the page
That is the default viewport capture. Set fullPage: true when the whole scrollable document is the intended artifact. If the test concerns an initial mobile view, leave it off.
A visual test fails even though the code did not change
Rendering can vary with the host OS, browser version, settings, hardware, power source, and headless mode. Compare in a consistent environment, inspect the diff, and control dynamic content. Do not raise tolerances automatically; first determine whether the change is noise or a real visual regression.
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Baseline images seem to overwrite or mix across projects
Confirm that each project has a distinct name and review the generated snapshot paths. Playwright supports including project names in snapshot names, which is useful when the same visual assertion runs in several configurations.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I run only the mobile screenshot configuration?
Yes. Use the project’s exact configured name with `npx playwright test –project=
Does Playwright’s mobile profile test a real phone?
No. Device profiles emulate browser and device parameters. Physical-device testing is a separate workflow.
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