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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesTitanium can float in water when it is built as a hollow lattice and the lattice’s internal strut channels are filled with buoyant polyurethane foam. Water can pass through the open spaces between the struts; those spaces do not need to be sealed. What matters is the hybrid’s skeletal density—counting its solid materials and sealed internal volumes rather than water-accessible gaps—compared with the surrounding liquid.
What is the titanium–polymer structure?
The researchers made the framework from Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy using laser-based powder bed fusion. Its struts are hollow, and expandable polyurethane (PU) foam is injected into their internal channels. The spaces between struts remain open to water.
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That distinction is central: the design does not make the whole lattice into a watertight shell. Instead, it puts foam inside the hollow members while leaving the outer lattice permeable.
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How can an open lattice float?
Buoyancy depends on the relationship between an object’s weight and the water it displaces. For an open lattice, however, a simple bulk-density calculation can be misleading: it may count the large spaces between struts even though water can flow into those spaces. Those water-accessible gaps do not act like sealed air pockets.
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The study uses a skeletal-density framework that separates externally accessible porosity from the material and sealed internal volumes relevant to buoyancy. In practical terms, the question is whether the hybrid’s skeletal density is lower than the density of the surrounding liquid. If it is, the specimen can float; if it is higher, it sinks.
What does the foam contribute?
The foam fills the hollow titanium struts, providing sealed buoyant volume within the otherwise open framework. The researchers attribute the damaged specimens’ continued flotation to closed-cell PU foam retaining trapped air and resisting water ingress, even when the metal framework had been substantially compressed and fractured.
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This is a structural concept, not a recipe for a consumer project. The study identifies PU foam as the filler but does not name a retail foam product or establish that a commercially available formulation is suitable for reproducing the research.
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The study compared unfilled hollow-strut titanium lattices with corresponding foam-filled hybrids. Its freshwater test used water measured at 0.997 g/cm³. The unfilled lattices sank as water entered their exposed hollow channels, while hybrids with skeletal density below the water-density threshold floated.
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The paper reports freshwater immersion lasting more than two months. It also reports a hybrid buoy that maintained stable flotation during two weeks in natural seawater measured at 1.03 g/cm³. These are results from the reported specimen tests, not a general guarantee of service life in marine conditions.
After substantial compression damage—including deformed nodes and fractures—the hybrid lattices continued to float. The result suggests that the foam-filled struts can preserve buoyancy despite damage to the surrounding metal framework; it does not establish how every failure mode or long-term exposure would affect performance.
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Why does the surrounding water matter?
Freshwater and seawater have different densities, so the relevant comparison is always between the specimen and the liquid in which it is placed. A skeletal density below the liquid’s density supports flotation; the study’s measured values—0.997 g/cm³ for its freshwater test and 1.03 g/cm³ for its natural-seawater test—describe those experimental conditions, not universal values for all water.
What is—and is not—established?
The experiments show that these particular foam-filled titanium lattice specimens floated under the reported freshwater and seawater conditions and retained flotation after substantial compression damage. They do not demonstrate that the design is commercially mature or field-proven for long-term marine or deep-sea use. RMIT identifies scaling the demonstration parts and testing long-term performance under realistic marine and deep-sea conditions as next steps.
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The broader design idea is tunability: RMIT project leader Distinguished Professor Ma Qian said changing the material inside the titanium framework could tailor similar structures for energy absorption, thermal management, vibration control and other applications. Those are prospective application areas, not performance claims established by the buoyancy tests.
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