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A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11Data centers can reduce water use and power demand by improving the efficiency of the entire chain: the computing workload, the electricity it consumes, and the cooling system that removes the resulting heat. There is no universally best cooling design. Climate, local water availability, electricity supply, server density, reliability requirements, and existing equipment determine which measures make sense at a particular site.
Start with the workload and the heat it creates
Servers and other IT equipment use electricity to process data; nearly all of that electricity ultimately becomes heat that the facility must remove. The more electricity the IT equipment consumes, the more heat the cooling system generally has to reject. Reducing unnecessary computing can therefore lower both IT electricity use and cooling demand, while more efficient equipment can deliver the same work with less electricity.
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Workload-level water use is not determined by cooling equipment alone. A 2025 review by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) identifies server efficiency and utilization, idle servers, infrastructure efficiency, cooling design, climate, the electricity grid’s water consumption, and equipment refresh cycles as relevant factors. Its modeled examples show water-use variation exceeding 10,000-fold across workloads and conditions. That is a measure of how widely outcomes can vary, not a prediction for every data center; the review concludes there is no single recipe that minimizes water use everywhere.
Practical workload measures include matching server capacity to actual demand, improving utilization where service and resilience requirements allow, and avoiding unnecessary idle equipment. Hardware refreshes may improve efficiency, but their value depends on the work performed, utilization, and the full site system; replacing servers alone does not establish how much water or power a facility will save.
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Measure electricity and water with clear boundaries
Before comparing upgrades, operators need to know what is included in each measurement. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Management Program (DOE FEMP) uses two common facility metrics:
- Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE): total facility energy divided by IT equipment energy. A lower PUE means less facility energy is used outside the IT equipment for a given amount of IT energy.
- Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE): site water use divided by IT equipment energy. It describes site water use relative to IT energy, not all water associated with producing the facility’s electricity.
These metrics describe different resource dimensions. A change can improve one while worsening the other, and a comparison is meaningful only when the measurement boundaries, period, and included equipment are consistent. Track total facility electricity and IT electricity alongside site water use; where relevant, assess water associated with electricity generation separately. A site-only WUE figure cannot by itself show the full water impact of a facility’s power supply.
Power demand and energy use are also different: demand describes the rate at which a site draws power, while energy measures consumption over time. Efficiency actions can reduce energy for a workload without necessarily changing peak demand in the same way. Measure both if the goal includes limiting a facility’s load on the local electricity system.
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Understand where cooling water and power go
Cooling systems move heat away from IT equipment and eventually reject it to the environment. In a common cooling-tower system, water evaporates as heat is rejected. The tower also discharges blowdown to control dissolved minerals, and some water can be lost as drift, or droplets carried out with the air. The facility replaces those losses with makeup water.
Cooling-tower operation affects both water use and equipment efficiency. Cycles of concentration describes the concentration of dissolved solids in the tower water relative to makeup water. More cycles can reduce the amount of makeup water needed for a given operating condition, but the feasible level depends on source-water quality, treatment, and system limits. DOE FEMP says cooling towers commonly operate at two to four cycles and that six or more may be possible depending on water quality and treatment.
DOE FEMP reports that, in cooling-tower operation, moving from three to six cycles reduces makeup-water requirements by 20% and blowdown by 50%, citing its Cooling Tower Best Management Practice. These are specific operating figures, not guaranteed savings for an entire data center or for every tower. A site must confirm that water chemistry, treatment, and operating controls support the change.
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Reduce avoidable cooling demand through controls
Review temperature and humidity settings
DOE FEMP notes that some data centers operate at unnecessarily low space temperatures or constrain humidity more narrowly than equipment guidance and facility requirements require. Reviewing set points against equipment specifications and reliability needs can reduce chiller demand and increase the hours when outdoor conditions can help cool the facility. Any change should be evaluated as an engineering and reliability decision: broader acceptable settings create an opportunity for savings, not a guaranteed result at every site.
Use economizing when conditions allow
Air-side economizing uses suitable outdoor air to cool the facility instead of relying on mechanical cooling. Outdoor temperature and air quality limit when it can be used. Water-side economizing uses a heat exchanger and cooling tower to cool the chilled-water loop, reducing or bypassing chiller-compressor operation in suitable system configurations. Its availability depends on climate and design. Neither approach is a year-round substitute for cooling equipment under all operating conditions.
Do not mistake filtration for lower cooling demand
Filtration can address water-quality needs, but a side-stream filtration system by itself does not reduce the heat that IT equipment produces or the cooling demand required to remove it. DOE FEMP states that such systems will not reduce facility power consumption or water use without additional technologies or operating changes that reduce cooling demand from IT equipment.
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Compare cooling approaches as a whole-site decision
Cooling options should be assessed against the same workload, site boundary, and reliability requirements. The table summarizes the trade-offs described in DOE FEMP guidance; actual results depend on facility design and operating conditions.
| Approach | Potential effect | Important constraints or trade-offs |
|---|---|---|
| Control and set-point changes | Can reduce chiller demand and create more opportunity to use suitable outside conditions. | Must remain within equipment guidance and facility reliability requirements; savings depend on the site. |
| Air-side economizing | Can use suitable outdoor air in place of mechanical cooling. | Climate, outdoor air quality, and facility design determine when it is suitable. |
| Water-side economizing | Can cool the chilled-water loop through a heat exchanger and cooling tower while reducing or bypassing chiller-compressor operation. | Depends on climate and configuration; cooling-tower water use remains relevant. |
| Dry cooling | Can reduce on-site cooling-water use compared with evaporative cooling. | DOE FEMP warns it can increase electricity use; additional generation can shift some water use to power plants. |
| Direct liquid cooling | Moves heat from IT equipment into a recirculating liquid loop and can reduce air movement and improve heat-transfer efficiency. | Heat-rejection arrangements vary; some systems still use chillers and cooling towers. Controls and maintenance requirements also matter. |
| Reverse osmosis for tower blowdown reuse | Can produce water for reuse as cooling-tower makeup in water-constrained settings. | Adds energy use, operation, and maintenance needs and may worsen PUE. |
Direct liquid cooling is not a single heat-rejection design. Some installations transfer heat through liquid at the IT equipment but still reject it through chillers and cooling towers; others use air-cooled or hybrid heat rejection. DOE FEMP describes potential PUE and WUE benefits, alongside additional controls and maintenance needs. It also reports a facility-specific National Laboratory of the Rockies data-center case with PUE of 1.06 and WUE of 0.7 for its described hybrid system. Those figures belong to that case study and should not be treated as typical performance targets or promises.
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Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Likewise, reducing water use at the site is not automatically the same as reducing total water impact. DOE FEMP warns that dry cooling may increase electricity consumption relative to evaporative cooling, potentially increasing water use at power plants. The balance depends on the electricity source and location. Evaluate site water, electricity consumption, local water stress, and the water intensity of the power supply together rather than optimizing one metric in isolation.
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Use a site-specific improvement sequence
- Establish a baseline. Meter IT energy, total facility energy, and site water over a consistent period. Document the measurement boundary and operating conditions so later comparisons are fair.
- Identify the main loads and losses. Separate IT energy from cooling and other facility loads, and determine how the cooling plant rejects heat. Check tower evaporation, blowdown, drift, and makeup-water records where towers are used.
- Review workload and operating controls. Look for underused or idle capacity, unnecessarily restrictive temperature or humidity settings, and opportunities to use economizing. Confirm changes against equipment guidance and resilience needs.
- Tune existing equipment before selecting a retrofit. Review cooling-tower water chemistry and cycles with the facility’s treatment requirements in mind. Consider filtration only for the water-quality purpose it serves; it does not independently reduce cooling demand.
- Compare proposed system changes across resources. Estimate effects on IT and total facility electricity, site water, power-generation water, reliability, maintenance, and the ability to cool the required rack density. Include retrofit complexity and operating needs.
- Verify performance after implementation. Use the same boundaries and comparable workload and weather conditions as the baseline. Report measured changes rather than assuming design potential became realized savings.
DOE FEMP’s cooling-water guidance, dated January 9, 2019, focuses on cooling-tower water savings and federal-facility practices; its specific savings figures should not be generalized to all data centers. Its 2024 data-center design guide also covers energy-efficient design, including chilled-water considerations. The appropriate engineering review will depend on the facility and the scope of the proposed change.
Interpret national electricity estimates as scenarios
Facility efficiency decisions sit within a broader growth in data-center electricity demand, but national totals are estimates rather than fixed outcomes. LBNL’s 2025 report update lists U.S. data-center electricity-use estimates for 2030 of 578 TWh, 664 TWh, 590 TWh, and 782 TWh under distinct model adjustments. These are alternative scenario results, not additive quantities or four measurements of a settled forecast. The report summary associates scenario variation with assumptions including installations, specialized graphics chips, chip lifetimes, and AI-server idle power and utilization; it does not make one estimate a universal prediction.
For an individual operator, national estimates do not replace site measurement. The useful question is whether a proposed operational or equipment change lowers the facility’s measured resource use for its actual workload without compromising service and reliability.
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