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The reaction: methanol and water become hydrogen and carbon dioxide
The idealized net reaction is:
CH₃OH + H₂O → CO₂ + 3H₂
This equation describes the overall stoichiometry, not a guaranteed experimental yield. It represents a sequence of reactions: methanol dehydrogenation first produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide; then the water-gas shift reaction converts carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and additional hydrogen. The review literature describes these steps as occurring in the aqueous reforming process, rather than necessarily in separate reactors. Review of methanol aqueous-phase reforming Review of aqueous-phase reforming
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The ideal equation therefore sets a theoretical relationship between feed and products. Actual conversion and product distribution depend on factors such as catalyst, temperature, pressure, feed ratio and reactor design.
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1. Methanol dehydrogenates
A catalyst helps break down methanol, producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide as part of the reaction sequence.
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2. Water-gas shift makes more hydrogen
Carbon monoxide reacts with water through the water-gas shift reaction:
CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂
This step adds hydrogen while converting the carbon monoxide intermediate to carbon dioxide.
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3. Competing reactions affect the product mix
Not all reaction pathways preserve hydrogen. Methanation and Fischer–Tropsch-type pathways can consume intermediates and form methane and water. A practical catalyst and operating setup must promote the desired reforming and water-gas shift chemistry while limiting these competing routes. Review of methanol aqueous-phase reforming Review covering aqueous-phase reforming conditions and pathways
Why use an aqueous-phase process?
The process brings methanol and water together in a liquid-water reaction environment. The aqueous route can allow methanol reforming and water-gas shift to take place in the same reactor, so they need not be treated as separate process stages. It is discussed as a lower-temperature route than corresponding gas-phase reforming, but that does not by itself establish lower energy use, cost or emissions. Those comparisons depend on the system boundary, including feedstock origin, heat and pressure needs, catalyst lifetime and product separation. Review of aqueous-phase reforming
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Operating conditions: reported ranges are not a recipe
A review discusses Pt supported on alumina as active at temperatures around 200°C. Broader aqueous-phase reforming literature describes operating conditions of roughly 220–270°C and 30–60 bar. These figures reflect different levels of generality: the broader range is not a universal methanol-specific recipe, and actual conditions vary with catalyst, feed ratio and reactor design. Review of methanol aqueous-phase reforming Review covering aqueous-phase reforming conditions and pathways
Because the reaction takes place in hot, pressurized water, catalyst performance must be judged not only by activity and hydrogen selectivity but also by stability under hydrothermal conditions.
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Catalysts and the durability challenge
Pt-based catalysts, including Pt/alumina, are commonly discussed for methanol aqueous-phase reforming. Nickel-based materials and other catalyst paths involving nickel or copper are also under investigation. These metals and their supports do not perform interchangeably: they can favor reforming, water-gas shift or competing reactions differently. Review of methanol aqueous-phase reforming Review of aqueous-phase reforming
A 2026 review identifies relatively low reaction rates and catalyst structural vulnerability in hydrothermal conditions as obstacles for aqueous-phase methanol reforming. These issues help explain why a promising reaction scheme is not, on its own, evidence of a validated commercial process specification. Review of aqueous-phase reforming
How to interpret reported hydrogen yields
A 2026 Ni/activated-carbon study reported a peak hydrogen yield of 41.9 mmol/L under its stated conditions: 240°C, a methanol-to-water molar ratio of 6:3 and a one-hour reaction. That is a study-specific experimental result, not a typical, commercial or guaranteed yield. The surfaced study highlights also reported 41.6 mmol/L, an internal discrepancy that means neither value should be generalized beyond the experiment without checking the full article. 2026 Ni/activated-carbon study
What the ideal equation does—and does not—tell you
- It shows the net chemistry: methanol and water are reactants, while carbon dioxide and hydrogen are the idealized products.
- It gives a stoichiometric ceiling: the equation represents up to three moles of hydrogen per mole of methanol, not a measured yield.
- It does not guarantee selectivity: carbon monoxide may remain, and methane or other products can form through competing reactions.
- It does not establish environmental or economic performance: those require a defined system boundary and evidence about methanol sourcing, process energy, catalyst lifetime and separation.
For those reasons, aqueous-phase methanol reforming is best understood as a catalytic route with an appealing net reaction and unresolved engineering challenges—not as a guarantee of a particular hydrogen output or overall advantage.
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