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An Object Request Broker (ORB) is middleware that routes a request from a client to a distributed object and carries the response back. In CORBA, the ORB handles the mechanics of invoking an object across a network; shared interface definitions and compatible protocols make that exchange possible, while the applications themselves must still agree on what the operation means.
How an ORB handles a request
A client asks an object reference to perform an operation. The ORB directs that invocation to the object’s implementation, handles the communication details, and returns the result or response to the client. The client and implementation do not need to manage every routing step themselves.
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This is an abstraction, not a claim that a remote object is physically local. The objects remain distributed and communicate over a network, so latency and network failures are still possible. The ORB manages request routing; it does not remove the underlying distributed-systems conditions.
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Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →The Object Management Group (OMG) describes the ORB as the part of CORBA that routes a request from client to object and routes the response back. Its telephone-exchange analogy is useful: the exchange enables a call, but it does not ensure that the callers understand each other.
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What makes the request understandable
An ORB needs an interface contract to know what operations an object offers and how they are described. In CORBA, OMG IDL (Interface Definition Language) defines those interfaces so client and implementation code can use a shared contract. The ORB routes invocations according to that contract; it does not invent compatible operations or ensure that two applications attach the same business meaning to them.
Interoperability also depends on agreed protocols and conventions. CORBA specifies GIOP and IIOP as part of its interoperability architecture; IIOP is the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol. Even when systems can exchange requests, meaningful cooperation still depends on compatible interfaces, protocols, and policies.
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How CORBA fits in
CORBA means Common Object Request Broker Architecture. It is the broader architecture and specification, while an ORB is a core mechanism within it. The terms are related, but they are not interchangeable: ORB names a middleware concept, and CORBA defines an architecture in which ORBs provide object request and interoperability mechanisms.
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CORBA is designed to support interoperability across systems, programming languages, and networks. That does not mean every ORB provides every optional CORBA facility. The CORBA V2.3 product standard, for example, does not require certain components such as DCE ESIOP, COM/CORBA interworking, interceptors, or any particular object service. Specific capabilities therefore depend on the standard revision and the ORB implementation.
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How clients invoke operations
In the common generated path, interface definitions are used to produce client stubs and server-side skeletons. These provide invocation plumbing for a known interface: the client uses the stub, and the implementation is connected through the corresponding server-side code.
CORBA also defines the Dynamic Invocation Interface (DII) for cases where a client constructs an invocation at run time rather than relying on a call compiled in advance. The client must obtain the relevant interface information and assemble the request, making this a more dynamic approach than generated stubs.
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| Approach | When interface details are used | What the client does |
|---|---|---|
| Generated stub-based invocation | Before run time, through generated code based on the interface | Calls through the generated client-side plumbing |
| Dynamic Invocation Interface (DII) | At run time | Retrieves interface information and constructs the invocation dynamically |
CORBA facilities can also expose object references and interface information through mechanisms such as the Interface Repository. Server-side object activation may be part of an implementation’s setup, but its behavior depends on the CORBA mechanisms and ORB in use.
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How the terminology differs
- ORB: Middleware that routes requests between clients and distributed object implementations and carries responses back.
- CORBA: The architecture and specification that includes ORBs and defines supporting interoperability mechanisms.
- OMG IDL: The language used to describe object interfaces and establish a shared contract.
- Stub and skeleton: Generated client- and server-side invocation plumbing for an interface; dynamic invocation is also possible through DII.
- GIOP and IIOP: Protocols in CORBA’s interoperability architecture, specified in the CORBA V2.3 product standard.
Version context
OMG’s specification history lists CORBA 3.0 as adopted in June 2002 and records CORBA 2.3.1 from October 1999; the OMG site also lists CORBA 3.3 specification materials. These are history entries, not proof that a particular ORB implements any one revision. Check the implementation’s documentation for its supported CORBA version and facilities.
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Sources
- OMG: Object Request Broker (ORB) Basics
- The Open Group: CORBA V2.3 product standard
- OMG: CORBA overview
- OMG: CORBA 3.0 specification and history
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