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Repair common Windows errors and clear accumulated junk for a smoother, more stable PC - no reinstall needed.Free scan · no reinstallA 2026 survey of 94 farmers in central northern Algeria documents serious crop losses associated with Barbary macaques, including farm abandonment. It establishes the scale of a local livelihood concern, but not a single proven cause or a tested remedy—and the conflict is unfolding alongside the macaque’s wider struggle against habitat loss.
What the farmer survey found
A study published in Scientific Reports on 16 September 2026 surveyed 94 farmers in central northern Algeria. The paper is an early accepted, citable version that the journal says may be updated before the final version of record. Its findings provide direct evidence of farmers’ experiences in the surveyed area, not a measure of every farm or macaque population across Algeria.
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| Finding | What the study reports |
|---|---|
| Survey participants | 94 farmers, in the study area in central northern Algeria. |
| Farm abandonment | One third of surveyed farms had been abandoned because of severe crop loss. |
| Seasonal crop damage | More than 50% of surveyed farms reported crop damage between June and September. |
| Reported perception | The authors say macaques were widely perceived by farmers as a “nuisance”; this describes respondents’ perceptions, not an objective characterization of the animals. |
The study found that larger cultivated areas were associated with more frequent crop-foraging. Altitude and proximity to settlements had weaker positive associations. These are statistical associations, not proof that any one factor causes raids or that changing it would prevent damage. The study is available at Scientific Reports, DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-71407-3.
Why farm conflict is also a conservation issue
The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) is classified as Endangered by the IUCN. Its 2020 assessment identifies destruction and degradation of forest habitat as the most serious threat, while also recording agricultural conflict with local people in Algeria. Human settlement, agriculture, forest access and infrastructure can bring people and macaques into closer contact; the assessment also discusses crop-raiding, feeding interactions and vehicle accidents. Those are issues described in the assessment, not all newly measured in the 2026 farmer survey. See the IUCN Red List account.
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This means neither side of the problem can be reduced to the other. Crop losses can threaten farmers’ livelihoods; conserving an Endangered primate does not make those losses immaterial. At the same time, treating macaques only as pests would ignore the substantial habitat pressures affecting their survival.
Algeria’s 2018–2027 national conservation strategy identifies habitat loss and degradation, fragmentation, conflict with residents and poaching among the challenges to address. Its stated 2050 vision is for viable, connected macaque populations throughout the species’ historic Algerian range, living in harmony with surrounding communities. A strategy sets goals; its existence alone does not establish that all actions have been carried out or have succeeded. The document is published by the IUCN.
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What changed since the earlier evidence gap
A 2025 review of 409 studies identified 41 relevant to the Algerian context. At that time, it reported that published data on human–macaque conflict in Algeria were lacking and called for research into foraging behavior and community-based conflict mitigation. The September 2026 farmer survey adds direct conflict data, so the earlier statement describes the literature available in 2025, not the present evidence base. Read the review in Animals at the published article.
The same review gives a preliminary estimate of more than 9,000 macaques in Algeria. It cautions that surveys are incomplete in several regions and that the estimate combines studies using different methods. It should not be treated as a precise, current census or as proof that the population has grown compared with older estimates; improved survey coverage could account for a difference.
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What farmers and conservationists can consider
The available sources do not establish which intervention works best for macaque-related crop losses in Algeria. IUCN’s general human–wildlife guidance lists approaches that communities and authorities might assess, including barriers, nets, trenches, guarding and early warning, deterrents, compensation or insurance, and alternatives that reduce risk. These are options to evaluate locally, not demonstrated solutions for the surveyed farms.
- Start with the local pattern. The June-to-September damage period applies to the surveyed farms; it should not be assumed to describe every region or year. Local records of when and where damage occurs can inform which options merit testing.
- Evaluate fit and trade-offs. A barrier, deterrent or guarding arrangement may have different costs and effects depending on farm layout, wildlife movement and community needs. The guidance does not rank these measures for Algeria.
- Involve affected communities. IUCN emphasizes collaboration and adaptation to local ecological and social conditions. A quick fix that fails to account for those conditions can deepen tensions rather than resolve them.
- Track both livelihood and conservation outcomes. Any locally chosen response should be assessed for whether it reduces crop losses while avoiding additional harm to macaques or their habitat.
IUCN defines human–wildlife conflict, through its Human-Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Specialist Group, as “struggles that emerge when the presence or behaviour of wildlife poses an actual or perceived, direct and recurring threat to human interests or needs, leading to disagreements between groups of people and negative impacts on people and/or wildlife.” That framing matters here: conflict has social as well as ecological dimensions. The organization’s June 2022 issues brief offers general guidance, not evidence that a particular measure has been effective in Algeria.
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