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An ERC-4337 paymaster lets an application cover gas for eligible smart-account transactions without taking custody of the user’s wallet assets. The sponsor still needs funds: it deposits gas-paying capital with the EntryPoint, which charges that balance for sponsored operations. “Gasless” means the user may not need native gas currency; the network fee is still paid.
How gas sponsorship works
A wallet constructs and signs a UserOperation under its account’s validation rules. When sponsorship is requested, the operation includes paymaster data identifying the paymaster and carrying information used in its validation. The EntryPoint checks that the paymaster has enough deposit to cover the operation and calls validatePaymasterUserOp to determine whether the sponsor accepts it. If validation succeeds, the EntryPoint proceeds with the operation and accounts for its gas costs from the paymaster’s deposit. The user account’s deposit is not charged for that sponsored operation.
If validation returns context, the EntryPoint may call postOp after the main execution. Paymaster validation and post-operation functions should accept calls only from the intended EntryPoint; implementations also need to verify the supported EntryPoint deployment and version.
Which funds are involved?
| Balance or asset | Role in sponsorship |
|---|---|
| User assets | The paymaster does not need custody of the user’s wallet assets. The user still authorizes the operation through the account’s validation rules. |
| Paymaster deposit | Funds held by the EntryPoint for the paymaster. The EntryPoint charges this operating balance for sponsored gas; if it is depleted, intended sponsorship operations can fail. |
| Paymaster stake | A separate locked balance associated with reputation and storage-access rules. It is not the spendable gas deposit. Under the mechanism described in the ERC-4337 specification, stake is not slashed and withdrawal follows the specified unstake delay. |
The ERC-4337 specification puts the distinction plainly: “The paymaster must also have a deposit, which the EntryPoint will charge UserOperation costs from. The deposit (for paying gas fees) is separate from the stake (which is locked).” Read the ERC-4337 specification.
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What the sponsor must trust and manage
Eligibility and authorization
The sponsor sets the policy for which senders, calls, chains, and costs it will accept. A signed sponsorship design can rely on an off-chain authorized signer, making that policy and signer service part of the trust model. OpenZeppelin’s example demonstrates signature-based authorization for selected operations. See OpenZeppelin’s paymaster documentation.
EntryPoint and bundler safeguards
ERC-4337 describes bundler validation and reputation mechanisms intended to reduce denial-of-service risks from entities that repeatedly submit invalid operations. These protections do not replace sponsor policy, eliminate smart-contract or infrastructure risk, or guarantee that funds cannot be spent on operations the sponsor accepts. A paymaster should restrict sensitive calls to its intended EntryPoint.
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Funding and service continuity
The EntryPoint deposit needs monitoring and a refill process appropriate to expected transaction volume. OpenZeppelin warns that sponsored operations fail when a paymaster runs out of funds. A paymaster web service can return stub data for estimation and later data for the operation; ERC-7677 recommends rejecting requests early when the service will not sponsor them. A service outage, policy change, or signing failure can interrupt sponsorship even when the contract has a sufficient deposit. See ERC-7677.
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| Model | Who bears the economic fee? | What “gasless” means to the user |
|---|---|---|
| Third-party paymaster sponsorship | The dapp or other sponsor pays from its EntryPoint deposit for operations it accepts. | The user may not need native gas currency for the sponsored operation. |
| Token-paid gas | The user pays an economic fee using a supported token through a token-payment mechanism. | The user avoids paying in native currency, but is not receiving a sponsor subsidy. |
Circle’s product documentation illustrates the distinction: Circle Paymaster lets users pay gas in USDC, while its Gas Station offering is for developers sponsoring user gas. Its documentation describes support for ERC-4337 smart accounts and EIP-7702 EOAs, but the details of supported chains, prerequisites, and fees can change; check the live documentation before relying on them. See Circle’s Paymaster overview.
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What to check before implementing sponsorship
- Confirm the chain, deployed EntryPoint version, wallet support, and bundler support; interfaces and gas fields vary by version.
- Define the sponsor’s eligibility policy, including which users, calls, and transaction costs qualify, and how any off-chain authorization is issued.
- Protect validation and post-operation entry points so they accept calls only from the intended EntryPoint.
- Monitor the EntryPoint deposit and establish a refill process; a funded stake does not substitute for the gas deposit.
- Plan for the paymaster service or signer becoming unavailable, rejecting a request, or changing policy.
- Describe fees accurately in the interface: say whether the sponsor pays or the user pays in a token rather than implying the network fee disappears.
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