Not as a routine test today. A 2025 study found that a whole-blood RNA assay could distinguish presymptomatic Parkinson’s cases from controls in its study cohort. But it remains a research test: larger independent studies are needed, and current reviews do not recognize a validated biomarker-based diagnostic framework for Parkinson’s disease.
Is a Parkinson’s blood test available before symptoms appear?
The blood test behind this headline is not an established screening service that people can order to find out whether they will develop Parkinson’s disease (PD). The 2025 study described a promising research result, not a clinically validated test for routine diagnosis or screening.
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A 2026 review of Parkinson’s biomarkers likewise says there is no validated biomarker-based diagnostic framework for PD. The American Parkinson Disease Association’s July 2025 explainer says the tRNA-fragment test needs further testing, including validation in larger and more diverse groups. The available evidence does not establish a launch date or clinical service in any country.
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What did the 2025 RNA blood test measure?
Repetitive motifs in transfer-RNA fragments
The Nature Aging study measured repetitive sequence motifs in transfer-RNA fragments, or tRFs, using a whole-blood qPCR assay. The researchers reported elevated levels of a PD-associated tRF called RGTTCRA-tRF in the substantia nigra, cerebrospinal fluid and blood of people with PD. The blood assay also measured mitochondrial-originated tRFs, which were reduced in the reported PD-associated pattern.
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Combining the elevated RGTTCRA-tRF signal with the reduced mitochondrial-originated tRF signal separated presymptomatic participants from controls in the study cohort. The authors also reported higher ratios of the two signal types in mutation carriers with PD than in mutation-carrying asymptomatic controls, and lower RGTTCRA-tRF levels after deep brain stimulation. These findings support a possible biological connection; they do not, by themselves, establish a diagnostic use.
How accurate was the tRF test in the study?
What the reported AUC means
The Nature Aging study reported a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.75 for its combined tRF signal in the presymptomatic comparison. Traditional clinical scoring in that comparison had an ROC-AUC of 0.71.
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An AUC summarizes how well a measure separates groups across possible thresholds in the study setting. It is not the probability that a particular person has or will develop Parkinson’s, and it does not show how the assay would perform when screening the general population. The reported result still needs validation in larger independent cohorts, as the study authors themselves stated.
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Other studies have examined different signals, samples and groups of people. Their results are not head-to-head comparisons with the tRF assay, and performance figures from one approach cannot be transferred to another.
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| Research approach | Sample and signal | Reported result | Population and outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nature Aging study, 2025 | Whole-blood qPCR measuring tRF motifs | ROC-AUC 0.75 for the combined signal; traditional clinical scoring had ROC-AUC 0.71 in the reported comparison | Separated presymptomatic PD cases from controls in the study cohort |
| Eight-protein model, 2024 | Blood proteomics and machine learning | Parkinson’s UK reported that 79% of 54 samples had a signal similar to diagnosed PD samples. In the longitudinal cohort, 16 of 54 people had developed PD or dementia with Lewy bodies by analysis; the earliest correct classification preceded phenoconversion by 7.3 years. | People with isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder, a higher-risk group; the later outcome was conversion to PD or dementia with Lewy bodies, not general-population screening |
| Plasma-proteomics analysis, Brain, 2025; corrected and typeset in 2026 | Machine learning applied to 2,937 proteins measured in UK Biobank participants | Reported AUC 0.78 for incident PD and 0.795 for prevalent PD; an independent-cohort validation using 16 proteins shared across datasets reached AUC up to 0.76. The article reported prediction up to 14 years before diagnosis in the cohort. | UK Biobank participants and an independent validation cohort; a different research signature from the tRF assay |
| Population-based biomarker study, npj Parkinson’s Disease, 2025 | Blood and urine screening of 67 biomarkers | Identified 13 blood biomarkers associated with PD; the abstract highlighted phosphate, AST/ALT ratio and immature reticulocyte fraction | Associations for further exploration, not a validated diagnostic panel |
The protein-model figures describe a selected group already at elevated risk because of isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder. They are not estimates of a healthy person’s chance of developing Parkinson’s. The 2025 plasma-proteomics results concern another signature and cohort, not the tRF blood test.
Why is a promising result not yet a screening test?
Independent validation and broader testing are still needed
A test intended for clinical use must be evaluated beyond the cohort in which it was developed. For the tRF assay, the study authors call for validation in larger independent cohorts. The APDA’s July 2025 explainer also identifies the need to test larger, more diverse groups, including people with atypical parkinsonian syndromes or overlapping neurodegenerative diseases.
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Screening raises questions beyond whether a signal can be detected
Researchers and clinicians would also need to establish how reliably a result predicts disease in the people being tested, what a positive result should mean, and whether acting on it improves care. The 2026 review describes unresolved issues including validity, scalability, predictive value, ethics and healthcare infrastructure. It discusses biomarkers as a possible way to identify prodromal or preclinical disease and select participants for clinical trials; that potential is not proof that population screening is ready.
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No. The reported AUC describes group separation in a study, not an individual prognosis. Nor does the study show that early detection can prevent Parkinson’s or that a proven preventive treatment follows from a positive result. Do not use an unvalidated assay to self-diagnose or make treatment decisions.
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Parkinson’s diagnosis remains clinically grounded. Biomarker studies may eventually help clinicians identify disease earlier or help researchers recruit suitable participants for trials, but those uses require evidence and validation that the tRF study does not yet provide.
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