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Colombia recorded 118,410 hectares with evidence of alluvial gold exploitation on land in 2025, a 4.5% increase from 113,310 hectares in 2024. The government–UNODC report classified 75% of the mapped area as illicit or unauthorized. These figures describe the area where exploitation was detected, not the amount of gold produced.
What the 2025 report measured
The annual monitoring report is a joint effort of Colombia’s Ministry of Mines and Energy and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime’s Andean and Southern Cone office. It measures land area with evidence of alluvial gold exploitation. Alluvial gold is found in river and stream beds; extraction can range from panning to mechanized channeling, dredging and washing, as Reuters explains in its overview of alluvial mining.
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The Ministry’s announcement does not publish the full technical document, remote-sensing method, detailed classification rules or uncertainty estimates. The hectare totals should therefore be read as the report’s mapped estimates, not as a production tally or a direct count of operating mines.
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The Ministry says evidence area fell in 2021 and 2022, then increased in each of the next three years. The latest annual figures are:
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| Reference year | Area with evidence of exploitation on land |
|---|---|
| 2023 | 105,060 hectares |
| 2024 | 113,310 hectares |
| 2025 | 118,410 hectares |
The 2025 total is 5,100 hectares above 2024, or 4.5% growth, according to the Ministry’s trend figures. The comparison concerns mapped area in each year; it does not show that gold output rose by the same percentage.
Three-quarters of the area was classified as illicit or unauthorized
The Ministry divided the 2025 evidence area by legal status. Its categories were:
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| Classification | Share of reported area |
|---|---|
| Illicit or unauthorized | 75% |
| With technical and/or environmental permits | 21% |
| In transition to legality | 4% |
These are the Ministry’s classifications, as presented in its October 2, 2026 announcement. “Evidence of exploitation” is the report’s mapped-area measure; it should not be confused with proof about the legal status or activity of every individual site.
Illicit exploitation is concentrated in Chocó, Antioquia and Bolívar
Fifteen of Colombia’s 32 departments had evidence of on-land alluvial gold exploitation in 2025. Chocó, Antioquia and Bolívar accounted for 82% of the reported illicit activity:
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| Department | Illicit or unauthorized area |
|---|---|
| Chocó | 41,493 hectares |
| Antioquia | 24,282 hectares |
| Bolívar | 7,222 hectares |
The Ministry also named ten municipalities in Chocó, Antioquia and Córdoba that together represented 54% of the illicit category: Nóvita, El Cantón de San Pablo, Río Quito, Istmina and Quibdó in Chocó; Cáceres, Nechí, El Bagre and Zaragoza in Antioquia; and Ayapel in Córdoba. The department figures and municipal concentration are reported in the Ministry’s geographic breakdown.
Nearly half of the mapped evidence area was in places where mining is not permitted
The report placed 58,216 hectares—49% of the national evidence area—in locations where mining is not permitted, including forest reserves and national parks. Of that area, 43,048 hectares were in the Pacific Forest Reserve. It also reported a 153% increase in land-based evidence within Colombia’s National Natural Parks System between 2023 and 2025. These figures describe overlapping geographic designations, not additional area on top of the national total. The Ministry provides them in its protected-area findings.
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Community territories and Amazon water alerts
Lands of Black communities held 45% of the national evidence area, and Chocó contained 84% of the evidence in those territories. Separately, 61% of the increase from 2024 to 2025—3,096 hectares—occurred on Black community lands. The first figures describe a share of the total; the latter describes a share of the year-on-year increase.
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The report also identified direct or nearby land evidence in 30 Indigenous reserves. Separately, it recorded 215 water-related alert sectors along 11 Amazonian rivers near 64 reserves. These findings distinguish land evidence from alerts concerning waterways; they are not interchangeable measures. The territorial figures come from the Ministry’s community and river findings.
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Mining evidence overlaps with armed-group presence and coca data
The number of municipalities with mining evidence and at least one illegal armed group present rose from 114 in 2024 to 118 in 2025. Of the 118 municipalities with evidence in 2025, 79 also recorded coca cultivation in 2024. The Ministry says coca cultivation converged with 48% of the area with evidence.
The years matter: the mining and armed-group municipal figure is for 2025, while the coca data cited are from 2024. These overlaps do not establish that an armed group controls any particular mine or that one activity caused another. The Ministry’s municipal overlap figures report co-occurrence, not site-level control.
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