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The number after F in G-code has no fixed meaning. F1000 can mean 1000 inches per minute, 1000 millimeters per minute, 1000 millimeters per spindle revolution, or a move that repeats 1000 times per minute. Which one applies depends on three things: the active feed mode (G93, G94, or G95), the active length units (G20 or G21), and the machine and controller you are programming for. Read those states first, and only then interpret the number.
Why one feed value can mean four different things
An F word is a feed parameter, but it is not a speed on its own. Controllers store a feed mode that tells them how to interpret F for every subsequent motion block until the mode changes. Feed mode is modal, so a program can behave differently from one line to the next if a mode code changes partway through. A reader who sees F1000 in isolation cannot know whether the machine will move at 1000 units per minute, rotate the spindle-synchronized feed by 1000 units per revolution, or take a fixed amount of time per stroke.
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Step 1: Identify the feed mode
Check which feed-mode code is active before reading the F value. The LinuxCNC G-code documentation defines three modes for linear motion:
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In G94, F is a linear feed rate in the active length units per minute. The LinuxCNC documentation describes this as “Units per Minute Mode.” For pure rotary motion, LinuxCNC applies the same rule using rotary units per minute. In this mode, F1000 means 1000 inches per minute when inch units are active and 1000 millimeters per minute when metric units are active.
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G95: units per spindle revolution
In G95, F is the distance the tool advances for each spindle revolution. The actual distance-per-minute depends on spindle speed, so the same F value produces a faster or slower move as the spindle speeds up or slows down. Haas describes spindle override in this mode as adjusting feed so the programmed chip load stays uniform. Under G95 with metric units, F1000 would mean 1000 mm per revolution. That is far beyond any normal machining feed and should not be read as a usable value. Its only purpose here is to show how different the number’s meaning becomes.
G93: inverse time
In G93, F does not express a speed. It states how many times per minute the programmed move can be completed. The duration of the move in seconds is 60 divided by F. So F1000 corresponds to a nominal 0.06-second move (60 ÷ 1000). The Haas manual specifies that every interpolated, non-rapid motion block needs its own F word while G93 is active. A block without one is not valid in that mode. Because a move’s timing depends on controller behavior, treat the 0.06-second figure as the arithmetic result, not a guaranteed cycle time.
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Step 2: Confirm inch or metric units
Feed values in G94 and G95 inherit the active length units. Haas mill references identify G20 as inch selection and G21 as metric selection. A program that switches units partway through, or that inherits units from a previous setup, can change the physical meaning of the same F value without any change to the number itself. Check the unit code in the program header, in any subroutine that alters state, and at the start of the block you are interpreting.
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G-code numbers are not universal across machine types. The same code can mean different things on a mill and on a lathe, and on different controller families. Haas’s published lists illustrate this directly:
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| Code | Haas mill reference | Haas lathe reference |
|---|---|---|
| G94 | Feed per minute | End-facing cycle |
| G95 | Feed per revolution | Not stated in the lathe list cited here |
| G98 | Not stated in the mill list cited here | Feed per minute |
| G99 | Not stated in the mill list cited here | Feed per revolution |
The practical lesson is that G94 does not always mean feed per minute. On a Haas mill it does; on a Haas lathe, the same number is an end-facing cycle, and feed mode is selected with G98 and G99. Always check the manual for your exact control and machine model before assuming a meaning.
Step 4: Check the motion type and any overrides or limits
Before you calculate anything, determine what the block is doing:
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- Linear feed moves use the feed mode and units directly, as described above.
- Pure rotary moves use rotary units in LinuxCNC’s G94 definition, so the length-unit state does not apply in the same way.
- Coordinated moves that involve several axes use the programmed feed along the combined path. The axis-level speeds depend on the geometry.
Then check two things that change what happens at the machine. Feed override on the control scales the programmed feed, and spindle override in G95 changes the per-revolution feed as described earlier. Machine axis-speed limits can also slow individual axes while the controller keeps the desired path. LinuxCNC documents this behavior, so the commanded F value is not the same as the speed an axis actually reaches.
Worked comparison: one number, four readings
| Active state | Meaning of F1000 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| G94 with G21 (mill) | 1000 mm/min for the applicable linear feed | Haas mill reference maps G94 to feed per minute and G21 to metric. |
| G94 with G20 (mill) | 1000 in/min for the applicable linear feed | Same number, inch units. |
| G95 with G21 (mill) | 1000 mm per spindle revolution | Not a plausible machining feed; shown only to illustrate the change in meaning. |
| G93 | Move repeats 1000 times per minute, about 0.06 s per move | Every non-rapid interpolated block needs its own F word. |
| G94 on a Haas lathe | Not a feed value; G94 selects an end-facing cycle | Lathe feed mode uses G98 (per minute) and G99 (per revolution). |
Interpretation checklist
When you encounter F1000, work through these checks in order:
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- Identify the machine and controller, and whether the program is for a mill or a lathe.
- Identify the active feed mode (G93, G94, or G95), using the manual’s meaning for your control.
- Identify the active unit state (G20 or G21).
- Determine whether the block is linear, rotary, or coordinated.
- Note the feed override and spindle override settings, and any machine limits that may slow axes.
Only after these steps is it meaningful to say what F1000 commands. Do not estimate actual axis speed from the F value alone.
Where to verify your control’s meaning
The LinuxCNC G-code documentation is the reference for LinuxCNC’s own interpretation of G93, G94, and G95. For Haas machines, the manufacturer’s operator and programming manuals list codes for each machine type. Haas also publishes a Machinist’s CNC Reference Guide that covers mill G-code. Use the manual that matches your exact control, software version, and machine type, because the same code can carry a different meaning across them.
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