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Your Coding Agent Installed 23 Packages in a Minute. Why Did Your SBOM See Zero?

An SBOM is only as complete as its inputs and scan timing. Learn why agent-installed packages can be missing and how to compare the recorded inventory with the actual environment.
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A coding agent can install packages that a later software bill of materials (SBOM) does not show if the SBOM generator scans a different input, location, dependency type, or point in time. An SBOM is an inventory of what its generation process can see—not automatically a live log of everything installed in an agent’s environment. The “23 packages in a minute” figure comes from an Axeploit headline published in 2026; the underlying article and evidence could not be independently verified, so treat it as a reported scenario, not a validated test result.

Why can an SBOM miss packages installed by a coding agent?

“SBOM” describes the resulting inventory, not a single universal scanning method. A generator may read a manifest or lockfile, inspect package metadata in an installation directory, or export a repository’s dependency graph. Those inputs can represent different states of a project. A package installed during an agent run may not appear if the SBOM was generated earlier, if the generator did not scan the environment where it was installed, or if its selected input does not include that dependency.

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For example, npm documents that package-lock-only mode reads the package lock and ignores node_modules. npm also notes that dependency types omitted from an on-disk install can still be resolved and recorded in package-lock.json. That means a lockfile-based inventory and an inventory based on installed files need not match. See npm’s SBOM command documentation.

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Supported inputs vary by generator. AWS Inspector’s SBOM Generator documentation lists JavaScript sources including package metadata under node_modules, package-lock.json, npm shrinkwrap, pnpm-lock.yaml, and yarn.lock. These inputs do not necessarily capture the same dependency state or coverage. Check the specific generator’s supported artifacts and configuration rather than assuming that “SBOM generated” means every package in the environment was recorded. See AWS’s supported-artifact list.

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Which dependency state does each inventory describe?

The key questions are what was scanned and when. A repository-level export may describe repository dependencies, while an installed-files scan may reflect a particular environment after package installation. Neither should be treated as a record of a different state unless its inputs and timing support that conclusion.

  • Manifest: Shows declared dependencies, but may not by itself capture the exact resolved versions installed.
  • Lockfile: Records resolved dependency information for the package manager’s dependency graph. Coverage depends on the file, package manager, generator, and dependency types included.
  • Installed package files: Can reveal packages present in the scanned directory at scan time, but will miss packages outside that scope or installed after the scan.
  • Repository dependency graph: Useful for repository inventory, but does not establish that every transient or out-of-band package in an agent’s working environment was captured.

GitHub describes its repository SBOM export as covering the current state of a repository’s dependency graph, and documents SBOM generation through GitHub Actions. Those workflows can support repository and CI inventory; they do not, on their own, prove that an export includes all packages installed in an agent’s separate or temporary environment. See GitHub’s repository SBOM export documentation.

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How can an agent install packages outside the expected dependency path?

Agent setup instructions are executable supply-chain inputs. An agent following a README, requirements file, or Makefile may run installation commands, and those instructions can direct it to an unexpected package name, version, or registry. A 2026 arXiv preprint examines attacks delivered through ordinary project setup instructions. Its abstract reports that source-based attacks such as registry redirection were missed in almost all evaluated harness/model combinations, with results varying by pairing. This is a finding about the study’s evaluated configurations, not a universal result for every coding agent. See the preprint’s abstract.

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Review setup commands as carefully as application code. Before allowing an agent to install dependencies, check the package identity, requested version, and configured source—especially when a project’s instructions can change registry settings or use a package name that resembles a trusted one.

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How do you capture dependencies installed during an agent run?

  1. Record the starting state. Generate an SBOM from the relevant project artifacts before agent activity, and note the generator, input files or directories, dependency scope, and timestamp.
  2. Run the agent in a defined environment. Keep the project and package-manager context clear so the installation events can be tied to the environment being inventoried.
  3. Record the resulting state. After installation, generate another inventory using inputs that cover the relevant lockfiles or installed package directories. Where available, retain package name, version, source, and installation-event details.
  4. Compare the inventories with the environment. Investigate added, removed, or mismatched packages against the files actually present after the run. A difference can reflect a legitimate change in timing or scan scope as well as an unexpected installation.
  5. Review and constrain sources. Inspect setup instructions and, where supported, restrict allowed registries or package sources. Validate unexpected source changes before accepting the resulting dependency state.

The exact commands and coverage depend on the ecosystem and SBOM generator. npm’s npm sbom documentation and AWS’s supported-artifact list are examples of why teams should choose inputs deliberately rather than rely on a single generic scan.

What do lockfiles, hashes, registry rules, and SBOMs each prove?

These controls answer different questions, so one cannot substitute for all the others.

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  • SBOM: What components did this generation process identify within its configured scope?
  • Lockfile: Which dependency resolutions does the project record for installation?
  • Hash: Do downloaded bytes match the recorded digest? A matching digest does not, by itself, establish who published the package.
  • Registry policy: Which package sources are permitted or selected?

Microsoft’s Agent Package Manager documentation states: “The resolved_hash detects corruption or tampering after download, but does not verify publisher identity.” It also explains that its lockfile is not a standards-format SBOM. Use hashes for integrity checks, source restrictions to constrain origin, and an SBOM to inventory components; none alone establishes both publisher trust and complete runtime coverage. See Microsoft’s Agent Package Manager documentation.

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What does “23 packages in a minute” establish?

The phrase is the headline-level claim in an Axeploit item from 2026. The underlying page could not be accessed for verification, so its methods and evidence are not established here. The number should not be interpreted as an independently confirmed incident, a controlled test, or a typical installation rate. The broader issue is still actionable: an SBOM can omit packages when its source, scope, or generation time does not cover the agent’s installation activity.

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