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First identify which layer failed: your agent may have generated application code that calls an undefined function, or it may have requested a tool that your application never registered or executed. The errors can look similar in a transcript, but the fixes are different. Check the actual error and call site before changing code.
Identify where the missing function was called
Look at the failure and the event that immediately preceded it. A compiler or runtime error at a line of generated code points toward an application symbol, import, or scope problem. A structured tool-call event points toward the agent harness: the model requested an operation, and the surrounding application must decide whether and how to run it.
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- Generated source code: The agent wrote a function call into a file, and the language runtime or build process reports that the name is undefined or unavailable.
- Runtime tool call: The model emitted a request for an external function, but the harness may not have supplied that tool, dispatched it, or returned its result.
Do not add an application helper to fix a tool-dispatch failure. Conversely, changing tool configuration will not define a missing function in your project’s source code.
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Start from the exact call site and search the repository for the called symbol and for code that already performs the same job. Follow the project’s existing module boundaries and naming conventions rather than assuming the agent’s proposed helper belongs in a new file.
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- Check the identifier. Compare the call’s spelling and capitalization with existing declarations and uses. A near-match may be the intended function.
- Check imports and exports. If the function exists, make sure the calling module imports it from the correct path and that the defining module exposes it.
- Check scope and ownership. A helper may exist but be private to another module, or the behavior may belong in a module that already owns related operations.
- Reuse a matching implementation. If a suitable helper exists under another name, correct the call or import rather than creating a duplicate.
- Implement only what is genuinely missing. Add the function in the project’s established location, then add or update a focused test for its behavior.
This check prevents a second implementation from drifting away from an existing utility. A community post illustrates that duplicate-helper failure mode, but it is an anecdote rather than evidence about how often it happens: the post’s advice is to search for an existing equivalent before writing a new function. VS Code’s codebase exploration guidance also treats an agent’s explanation as a starting point to verify against the repository: Codebase exploration in VS Code.
Fix a tool call the harness did not execute
In a tool-using agent, the model does not ordinarily execute application-side functions by itself. The application provides tool definitions, receives a request, runs the matching handler, and returns the result. OpenAI describes this application-mediated function-calling cycle in its function-calling guide. Anthropic documents a comparable client-tool flow using a tool_use block followed by application execution and a tool_result: Tool use overview.
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- Inspect the definitions actually sent to the model. Verify that the requested tool name is registered exactly and that its argument schema matches what the handler accepts.
- Trace the current action through dispatch. Confirm the application processes the request in this turn and routes it to the named handler.
- Return the result for the right call. Send success output or a useful error using the identifiers required by the provider’s protocol.
- Distinguish a pending action from history. In OpenAI’s Agents API, use
required_actionsto determine which calls need results; afunction_callin session history alone does not prove that a result is pending. See the Agents API documentation. - Repair the failing layer. If the tool definition is missing, register it and confirm it appears in the request or session. If it is present but never runs, fix dispatch or error handling. If execution fails, return an actionable error instead of a false success.
Provider protocols differ, so use the request format and call identifiers for the system you actually run. When a broader API operation fails, inspect the request, turn, session, or environment error at the layer where it occurred; OpenAI’s Agents API guidance describes this kind of layer-specific troubleshooting.
Prevent the same failure in future agent changes
Give coding agents repository-specific guidance they cannot reliably infer from the code alone: where shared helpers belong, which module owns each behavior, how imports and names are conventionally handled, and which build, test, and lint commands the project really uses. VS Code recommends including architecture, commands, conventions, and a definition of done in project instructions, then reviewing generated instructions rather than accepting them blindly: Customize AI responses in VS Code.
Also verify that the chosen harness discovers the instruction file and applies it to the files being edited. VS Code notes that “Instructions guide the model, but don’t guarantee that it follows every rule.” Its guidance explains how to check whether instructions apply, including consulting references or debug logs: Use instructions to customize Copilot.
A concise repository rule can require the agent to search for an equivalent implementation, inspect call sites, exports, and tests, and explain why an existing helper does not fit before adding another. Pair that guidance with code review and the project’s actual validation commands; instructions are not a substitute for checking the diff or test results.
Quick Recap
Best Value
Use the right fix for the evidence
| Failure layer | Evidence to inspect | Corrective action |
|---|---|---|
| Generated application code | Compiler or runtime error and the source call site | Repair the identifier, import, export, scope, or implement and test a genuinely missing helper. |
| Agent tool execution | Tool definition, emitted action, dispatch path, and returned result | Register the exact tool, execute its handler, or return a protocol-correct error or result. |
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