If a React hotfix is deployed but users still see the old interface, first find out which response is old: the HTML entry page, a JavaScript or CSS file, a shared cache response, or a service-worker cache. NGINX is one possible cause, not the default explanation. The reliable baseline is to make HTML revalidate and to cache fingerprinted build assets for a long time only when each asset URL always serves the same bytes.
Why isn’t my React update showing up?
A successful deployment and a visible update in every browser are separate events. A browser or intermediary may reuse an earlier response, and a service worker may return cached resources without making a network request. The symptom alone does not identify which layer is responsible.
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Start by comparing what the current build produced with what the affected browser received. Is the rendered interface old? Does the HTML itself contain old content, or does current HTML still point to an older JavaScript or CSS URL? React explains that hashed asset filenames support long-term caching because distinct builds use different filenames: React documentation.
Identify which response is stale
- Inspect the HTML entry document. Request the public page, usually
/or/index.html. Record its status, body or build marker,Cache-Control, and anyETagorLast-Modifiedheader. - Inspect an asset referenced by that HTML. Request one JavaScript or CSS URL separately. Compare the URL with the current build output or asset manifest, and confirm the requested file exists in the deployed build.
- Compare public and origin responses where possible. If the public hostname returns old content but the origin returns current content, investigate a CDN, reverse proxy, or other shared cache between them. If the network response is current but one browser still renders old UI, investigate browser-side state and service workers.
MDN’s caching guidance distinguishes validation from storage: Cache-Control: no-cache allows a response to be stored but requires validation before reuse; no-store tells caches not to store a response. Setting no-store does not erase a response that was already stored for that URL. See MDN’s Cache-Control reference.
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Set different cache policies for HTML and fingerprinted assets
HTML is mutable: it needs to point clients to the current build’s asset URLs. A practical policy is to revalidate it with Cache-Control: no-cache. Fingerprinted assets can use a long lifetime because a new build changes the filename, but only if your deployment guarantees that a given URL never serves different bytes.
| Resource | Policy example | Important condition |
|---|---|---|
HTML entry page, such as /index.html |
Cache-Control: no-cache |
Stored responses must be validated before reuse. |
Content-fingerprinted assets, such as /assets/app.abc123.js |
Cache-Control: public, max-age=31536000, immutable |
Use only if changed content always receives a new URL. The one-year value is an example from MDN’s guidance, not a universal requirement. |
MDN explains that adding a version or hash to an asset filename or query string is a way to manage caching: MDN HTTP caching guide. React likewise documents the role of hashed filenames in distinguishing builds: React documentation.
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Check NGINX’s effective location and headers
Do not assume a header declared at the server level reaches every response. Under NGINX’s standard inheritance behavior, parent-level add_header directives are inherited only when the current configuration level has no add_header directives of its own. A more specific location that sets its own cache header can therefore stop inheriting headers from its parent. Also check response status: add_header applies to specified success and redirect responses by default, while the always parameter extends it to other response codes. Confirm the actual public response as well as the configuration. See the NGINX headers module reference.
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server {
root /srv/www/my-react-app;
location = /index.html {
add_header Cache-Control "no-cache";
}
location /assets/ {
# Only for assets whose filenames are content-fingerprinted.
add_header Cache-Control "public, max-age=31536000, immutable";
try_files $uri =404;
}
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
}
}This is not a universal drop-in. Your build may use a different asset path or base URL, and included configuration or another matching location may change the effective behavior. Review the deployed NGINX version and the complete configuration, then test the response headers for both the HTML and an asset.
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Client-side routes need the HTML entry page when a user opens a valid deep link directly. Static files should be checked first, and a missing JavaScript or CSS file should return a real not-found response rather than the HTML shell. Otherwise a missing script can produce confusing parsing, MIME-type, or stylesheet errors.
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NGINX’s try_files checks paths in order and internally redirects to the final URI if none are found. Use that behavior deliberately: test an existing asset, a valid client-side route, and a deliberately nonexistent asset. The exact location layout depends on the app’s base path and the rest of the server configuration. See the NGINX try_files documentation.
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If the network delivers current HTML and assets but an affected browser still shows the old interface, inspect whether the app registers a service worker and how its fetch handler responds. A service worker can serve cached resources without a network request, so the response you see in the page may not match a fresh request to the server. MDN recommends cleaning up old cache versions in the service worker’s activate event. See MDN’s service-worker caching guidance.
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Deploy in an order that keeps old clients working
- Publish the complete new set of fingerprinted assets.
- Switch the HTML entry document to reference the new asset URLs.
- Keep old fingerprinted files available long enough for already-open clients and rolling deployments to request them, consistent with your rollback and release process.
- Verify the public HTML and asset responses, then test both a fresh browser session and a session that previously showed the old app.
This sequence follows from versioned asset URLs and long-lived immutable caching: clients holding earlier HTML may still need its referenced assets while they update or close.
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