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Why Asparagus Makes Urine Smell: The Science Behind the Odor

Sulfur-containing compounds explain asparagus-related urine odor, but people vary in both producing detectable odorants and perceiving the smell.
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Asparagus can make urine smell because the body excretes a mixture of sulfur-containing compounds after the vegetable is eaten. Whether the odor is produced in detectable amounts—and whether someone can smell it—varies from person to person.

What causes the smell after eating asparagus?

Chemical analysis has identified as many as six sulfur-containing compounds in urine after asparagus consumption: methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, bis-(methylthio)methane, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethyl sulfone. These findings were reported in a 1987 study of urine odor after asparagus ingestion. (Fenwick et al., PubMed)

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Asparagusic acid, which occurs in asparagus, has been proposed as a possible precursor to the characteristic odor. The precise biochemical steps linking it to the odorants have not been fully established, so it is more accurate to describe it as a possible starting point than as a proven, complete pathway. (Mitchell, PubMed)

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Why do some people notice the odor and others do not?

Odor production and odor perception are separate differences. Some people may excrete too little of the relevant odorants for the smell to be detectable; others may not perceive the odor even when it is present.

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Pelchat, Bykowski, Duke, and Reed concluded that “individual differences exist in both odorant production and odor perception” in a psychophysical and genetic study published online in 2010 and in Chemical Senses in 2011. The study associated inability to smell the odor with the genetic variant rs4481887 in a cluster of olfactory receptor genes. It did not establish the biological basis for producing no detectable odorants. (Pelchat et al., full text at PubMed Central)

How common is asparagus-related urine odor?

A 1987 study reported odorous urine in 43% of 800 volunteers after asparagus ingestion. That is a result from one historical study, not a current universal prevalence estimate; it should not be taken to mean that exactly 43% of people today produce the odor or can smell it. The distinction matters because studies can measure odorant production, perceived odor, or reported experience. (“Odorous urine following asparagus ingestion in man,” PubMed)

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When might urine odor have another cause?

Asparagus is one food known to change urine odor, but it is not the only possible cause. MedlinePlus notes that some health conditions can also affect urine odor. Odor alone cannot identify the cause or diagnose a condition, so persistent or unexplained changes should not automatically be attributed to asparagus. (MedlinePlus, “Urine odor”)

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