Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsStop the agent first, then investigate. Cancel its execution or terminate its process, restrict network access if data could still be leaving the machine, and preserve logs and the current filesystem state. Next inspect version-control and backup records, identify whether credentials or external accounts were reachable, recover files selectively, revoke any potentially exposed secrets, and only then restart in a more isolated environment. A surprising change can result from an ordinary model mistake, an ambiguous request, malicious instructions hidden in content the agent read, a compromised tool, or permissions that were broader than the task required; the symptom alone does not identify the cause.
1. Stop execution before you investigate
Use the agent’s built-in stop or cancel control immediately. If commands continue, use your operating system’s process controls to terminate the agent and any child process it launched. Do not rely on sending another message to the same agent as your only containment measure. OWASP’s AI Agent and MCP Security guidance notes that a manipulated agent can ignore or reinterpret a permission prompt; an enforced process or access boundary is stronger than a conversational request.
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Match containment to the possible exposure
If the agent may still be reading files or sending data, disconnect the relevant network interface or apply a temporary network restriction. Revoke access that appears exposed, but avoid indiscriminate shutdowns when a narrower action will contain the threat. GitHub’s incident guidance emphasizes choosing disruptive actions according to the evidence and the likely scope of the incident.
- Stop the agent process and any command it started.
- Restrict network access when outbound transfer or remote control is plausible.
- Do not open suspicious files or run newly created programs while you are assessing the incident.
- Keep the machine powered on only when doing so is necessary to preserve volatile evidence and you understand the risk; otherwise follow your organization’s incident procedure.
Preserve what happened
Write down the agent and model name, the time the unexpected behavior began, visible commands, alerts, and every path you noticed changing. Save relevant terminal output and agent logs before deleting or resetting anything. Record whether the project uses Git, another version-control system, or backups. This record helps distinguish an accidental edit from a broader compromise and gives an administrator or credential provider enough context to act.
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2. Establish the blast radius
Do not assume that a changed file is the whole incident. An agent may have created untracked files, modified ignored build artifacts, read files outside the repository, or used a credential to contact an external service. Inspect in expanding circles, starting with the project and then checking the machine and accounts the agent could reach.
Inspect a Git worktree
Run these commands from the repository root, preferably after copying the worktree or otherwise preserving the current state:
git statusshows tracked changes in the index and working tree, plus untracked paths.git diffdisplays unstaged content changes. Review the diff rather than assuming every edit is harmful.git diff --cacheddisplays changes already staged in the index.git status --ignoredhelps reveal ignored paths that ordinary status output omits.git ls-files --others --exclude-standardlists untracked files that are not excluded by standard ignore rules.
Review file names, timestamps, permissions, and the actual content. Search for scripts, configuration files, archives, or binaries that were not part of the intended task. Repository status does not prove that nothing changed elsewhere, so inspect directories the agent was allowed to access and any configured output locations.
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Use your normal Git history, remote history, snapshots, or offline backups to identify the last known-good version. Compare suspicious files with that version before restoring. If the agent deleted data, the repository may show a deletion while the operating system’s recycle bin, filesystem snapshots, or backup system holds the only recoverable copy. Avoid deleting logs or overwriting the working tree until you have preserved any wanted work and captured evidence.
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Review commands and access paths
Inspect the agent transcript, shell history where appropriate, task logs, and operating-system or endpoint alerts. Identify every tool the agent could invoke, the directories it could read or write, and whether it had network egress. Check whether it could access environment variables, SSH configuration, cloud command-line sessions, password stores, or mounted drives. Exact log locations and process commands vary by agent and operating system; use the vendor and OS documentation for those details rather than guessing.
3. Recover files without destroying useful work
Recovery is a decision, not a reflex. First copy or commit any changes you know you want to keep. Then restore only the paths you have reviewed.
Selective Git restoration
Git documents that git restore replaces specified paths from a chosen source and can remove a path when it is absent from that source. For example, after identifying a known-good commit, you can restore selected files with git restore --source=<commit> -- path/to/file. Review the resulting diff immediately. A broad restore or reset can overwrite legitimate work and make forensic reconstruction harder, so do not run one until you understand exactly what it will discard.
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Untracked files are not recovered by restoring a tracked path. Use a known-good backup, snapshot, or other recovery mechanism for those files. If the agent changed content outside the repository, locate those paths from logs, shell history, filesystem timestamps, or your own access records. Preserve suspicious artifacts separately before removal if an administrator may need to examine them.
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| Situation | Safer response | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Tracked file changed and the diff is understood | Save wanted edits, then restore that file from a reviewed source | Limits data loss to the named path |
| Several paths changed and their purpose is unclear | Make a copy or snapshot and review each path before restoring | Prevents a bulk command from erasing useful or evidentiary content |
| Untracked or ignored files appeared | Copy and inspect them; recover from backups if needed | Repository restoration does not cover every filesystem object |
| Files outside the repository changed | Use logs and backups to identify and recover those locations | git status cannot report unrelated directories |
4. Treat credentials as exposed when access was possible
If the agent could read a token, API key, password, private key, session cookie, or cloud credential and you cannot prove it remained private, treat it as potentially exposed. Revoke the affected credential, issue a replacement limited to the required task, and review account or service activity where those records are available. GitHub’s guidance applies to its own credentials and organization controls; other providers have different revocation and audit procedures.
Prioritize by impact
- Revoke credentials that can alter production systems, access private repositories, move money, or read personal or customer data.
- Replace them with short-lived, task-scoped credentials rather than copying a personal or production credential into the agent’s environment.
- Check sign-in, API, and administrative activity for unfamiliar locations, commands, downloads, or changes made during the exposure window.
- Update dependent automation after rotation and verify that legitimate services still operate.
Do not paste a suspected secret into a chat transcript or an issue while asking for help. Redact it from logs and preserve only the metadata needed to identify which credential was revoked.
5. Understand how an unexpected action could occur
The same symptom has several possible explanations:
- Ordinary model error: the agent misunderstood the request or selected an unsafe command.
- Ambiguous instructions: a broad objective such as “clean up the project” left destructive choices unspecified.
- Indirect prompt injection: malicious instructions were placed in an email, file, web page, issue, or other material the agent read.
- Compromised tooling: a plugin, integration, dependency, or remote service supplied harmful behavior.
- Excessive agency: the agent had more filesystem, network, identity, or command authority than the task required.
NIST describes agent hijacking as indirect prompt injection in which an attacker inserts instructions into data an agent may ingest, causing unintended actions. Its evaluation gave an agent command-line access to Linux inside a Docker container and tested an injection that downloaded and ran a program from an untrusted URL. That setup demonstrates an attack pattern, not proof that an attacker caused your particular file change.
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OWASP’s excessive-agency guidance likewise focuses on damage caused by unexpected, ambiguous, or manipulated model outputs when broadly capable tools and identities are available. Preserve evidence and investigate access paths before assigning blame.
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Reduce the agent’s capability first; do not simply restart the same configuration and hope for a better response.
Isolate the workspace
Use a disposable virtual machine, development container, or similarly isolated environment where practical. Keep the agent’s filesystem scope limited to a working copy, and do not mount personal documents, password stores, SSH keys, production volumes, or unrelated repositories. Isolation should make a mistake or malicious instruction less able to affect the host.
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Restrict network and tools
Disable network egress by default when the task does not require it. If network access is necessary, allow only the destinations and protocols the task needs. Offer an allowlist of commands and tools instead of unrestricted shell access, and separate read-only analysis from commands that write, delete, install, or publish.
Use narrow identities
Provide short-lived, task-scoped credentials with the minimum permissions required. Keep production and personal accounts outside the environment. If a task needs a single repository or service, issue access limited to that repository or service and expire it when the task ends.
Make actions auditable
Retain command transcripts, file-change logs, and approval records in a location the agent cannot rewrite. Require a human review before destructive operations, external communication, dependency installation, or publication. Approval dialogs are useful for workflow visibility, but OWASP’s control principle is clear: permission prompts are not a security boundary against a manipulated agent; isolation is.
| Control decision | Prefer when | Trade-off to assess |
|---|---|---|
| Disposable VM or container | The agent needs broad tools or untrusted input | Additional setup and possible compatibility limits |
| Filesystem allowlist | The task concerns a small, known workspace | Tasks spanning multiple directories may need explicit expansion |
| Network restriction or allowlist | The task can run without general Internet access | Package downloads and remote APIs may require carefully defined exceptions |
| Short-lived scoped credential | The agent must call an external service | Credentials must be renewed for later tasks |
| Human review before destructive commands | Deletion, publishing, migration, or installation is involved | Slower unattended execution |
7. A practical incident checklist
- Stop the agent and terminate child processes that continue executing.
- Restrict network access and revoke access when the evidence indicates possible transfer or misuse.
- Record times, commands, alerts, affected paths, agent identity, and available logs.
- Preserve the current worktree and backups before cleanup.
- Run
git status,git diff, and the relevant ignored or untracked-file checks. - Inspect paths outside the repository and review command and tool logs.
- Save wanted work, then restore selected files from a known-good source.
- Revoke and replace any credential that may have been readable, and review account activity.
- Reconfigure isolation, filesystem scope, network egress, tools, and credential lifetime before resuming.
8. When to escalate
Contact your security or system administrator when you see unknown executables, outbound connections, changed access controls, unfamiliar account activity, evidence of data transfer, production impact, or credentials that cannot be fully inventoried. Provide the timeline, preserved logs, command output, affected paths, and the containment steps already taken. If the event involves regulated, customer, or employee data, follow the applicable notification and legal procedures rather than deleting evidence or conducting an improvised cleanup.
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