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Treat unauthorized AI-agent activity as a potential security incident, not merely an unusual crawl. Preserve the evidence first, then contain credentials and high-risk actions, classify the traffic, measure what it could access, notify the right providers and owners, and recover under continuous monitoring. Blocking one IP or user-agent can stop a symptom while leaving stolen sessions, API keys, write permissions or a compromised integration active.
1. Declare an incident and preserve evidence before blocking
Open an incident record as soon as you have credible evidence that automated software acted on your site without authorization. Use a UTC-based timeline and record the person who made each decision. NIST’s Computer Security Incident Handling Guide (SP 800-61 Rev. 2, published in 2012) remains a baseline for preparation, detection and analysis, containment, eradication, recovery, and lessons learned.
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Capture the request and identity trail
- Record the first and last observed UTC timestamps, including the time zone used by every log source.
- Export original web-server, application, authentication, authorization, API-gateway, WAF and bot-detection logs. Keep an untouched copy with restricted access; analyze a working copy.
- Preserve source IP addresses, network or hosting identifiers when available, user-agent strings, TLS or device fingerprints, referrers, requested URLs, HTTP methods, query parameters and response codes.
- Save account identifiers, session IDs or token IDs in a protected form, along with login, token-issuance, privilege-change and failed-authentication events.
- Capture WAF and bot scores, challenge outcomes, rate-limit events, CAPTCHA results and any cloud, CDN or agent-provider telemetry.
- Hash exported files where your incident process supports it, and document who collected, copied, viewed or transferred each item.
Do not “clean” logs by deleting the suspected requests. Retain enough surrounding traffic to establish what happened immediately before and after the activity. If a provider can supply additional telemetry, request it while the relevant retention window is still open.
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| Time (UTC) | Observed event | Evidence | Decision or owner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exact timestamp | For example, a burst of requests or a successful tool call | Log ID, export name or provider event | Person responsible and action taken |
| Exact timestamp | Credential rotation, block, challenge or integration shutdown | Change record and resulting status | Approver and follow-up |
This record prevents the common failure of changing controls first and discovering later that the only useful evidence was overwritten.
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2. Determine what kind of automation you saw
An “AI bot” label is not a diagnosis. The same site may receive ordinary malicious automation, a search crawler, a training-data collector, or an agent acting in real time for a person. A browser-use agent can load pages, submit forms and follow links like a user; an API-oriented agent may call documented or undocumented endpoints directly. An account takeover can make either one appear to be an authorized user.
Use behavior, not the user-agent string
User-agent strings are easy to copy and should be treated as a clue. Compare navigation sequences, request timing, cookie and session use, JavaScript execution, header consistency, endpoint selection and the actions that followed a page read. Look for tool-like behavior such as reading instructions and then invoking an account, content-management or payment function. A search crawler generally follows a crawl pattern and does not normally change account state; an agent may combine retrieval with a consequential action; ordinary malicious automation may probe, scrape, spam or brute-force without an agent-style plan.
Cloudflare’s bot documentation separates Search, Agent and Training behaviors. It describes an Agent as automated activity acting in real time for a person, such as a chat-fetch bot or browser-use agent. That distinction matters because a policy that blocks training collection may not address an agent attempting to create an account or submit a form.
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Check for an account takeover
- Compare the source, device and session with the account’s normal history.
- Review recent password resets, multifactor changes, OAuth grants, API-key creation and recovery-email changes.
- Look for impossible travel, new locations, unfamiliar API clients or a valid session used from a different network.
- Correlate the automated requests with successful logins and authorization decisions, not just anonymous page views.
If an agent used a legitimate account, treat the identity and its delegated permissions as compromised until you can establish otherwise.
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3. Contain credentials and authority immediately
Stopping requests at the edge is insufficient when the activity may possess reusable authority. Revoke or rotate exposed API keys, sessions, OAuth grants, webhook secrets and service-account credentials. Invalidate refresh tokens where your identity system supports it, and force reauthentication for affected users or integrations.
Reduce the agent’s available tools
- Disable unused integrations and undocumented endpoints.
- Remove write, administrative, financial and account-changing tools from any agent or service that only needs to read.
- Separate read-only and write credentials; do not let a read workflow inherit a broad service account.
- Apply per-tool and per-resource permissions, with explicit authorization for sensitive operations.
- Require a human approval or a second control for destructive, financial or privilege-changing actions.
OWASP’s AI Agent Security guidance states: “Grant agents the minimum tools required for their specific task.” That principle applies even when the agent is legitimate: a narrowly scoped token limits damage if prompts, memory, dependencies or a connected account are compromised.
Protect secrets during the response
Do not paste keys or session values into tickets, chat rooms or incident documents. Store replacements in your normal secrets system, note their rotation time, and identify every service that must be updated. If a webhook secret was exposed, rotate it and verify that old signatures are rejected. If a cloud role or database credential was reachable, review provider audit logs for use outside the web application.
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Use layered, reversible controls while investigation continues. Start with the narrowest rule that addresses the observed behavior and record its expected legitimate-traffic impact.
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| Observed condition | First control to consider | Risk to legitimate users |
|---|---|---|
| High-volume reads from a small set of sources | Targeted rate limit or temporary IP or network block | May affect shared networks or partner services |
| Automated requests with uncertain identity | Managed challenge on the affected paths | Can interrupt accessibility tools, scripts and some APIs |
| Known high-risk endpoint or method | WAF rule for the path, method, identity or anomaly | Low if narrowly scoped; test API exceptions |
| Compromised account or token | Revoke the credential and require reauthentication | Signed-in user or integration downtime |
| Active destructive behavior | Disable the integration or endpoint temporarily | Highest availability impact, but limits further changes |
Cloudflare’s documented WAF example treats a bot score of 1 as definitely automated and scores from 2 through 29 as likely automated for a managed challenge. Those values are an example of a provider’s scoring model, not a universal threshold. Test a rule in logging or simulation mode when possible, then measure false positives before making it permanent. Keep explicit exceptions for authenticated partner APIs or other traffic you have verified.
Never rely on a claimed “AI” user-agent as the sole blocking condition. Combine behavior, path, method, identity, reputation and rate signals. Keep search crawling, legitimate APIs, accessibility services and real users working where they are authorized to do so.
Account for policy changes in 2026
Cloudflare documented a planned default for new domains on September 15, 2026: pages displaying ads would block Training or Agent bots by default while leaving Search allowed. A default policy is not a substitute for reviewing your own endpoints, credentials and exceptions; check the current status and configuration in your provider’s control panel before relying on it.
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5. Establish the full impact, not just the request count
Build an inventory of every resource the activity could read or change. Review private pages, administration routes, forms, account creation, checkout, content-management APIs, databases, object storage and outbound integrations. For each item, answer whether the agent merely viewed it, downloaded data, submitted a change, escalated privileges or triggered another system.
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Look for these outcomes
- Reads of personal, confidential, customer or internal data.
- Content edits, new administrator accounts, changed permissions or altered security settings.
- Orders, refunds, subscriptions, credits or other unusual spend.
- New webhooks, OAuth connections, API keys or scheduled jobs.
- Data exfiltration to an unfamiliar host, mailbox, object store or third-party integration.
- Prompt injection, tool abuse, privilege escalation, memory poisoning, denial-of-wallet or recursive tool use.
OWASP identifies those agent-specific risks, among others, because a model can turn untrusted page content or a malicious instruction into a tool call. Inspect both the initial request and the resulting side effects. A successful HTTP 200 response does not prove that a sensitive action completed, and a blocked request does not prove that an earlier session was harmless.
Bound the time and scope
Search backward far enough to cover credential and session lifetimes, integration logs and relevant backups. Search forward for delayed jobs, webhook retries, scheduled tasks and subsequent logins. Separate confirmed exposure from plausible access and from items you could not verify because logging was absent. That distinction is essential for accurate notifications.
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Escalate with a concise evidence packet: timeline, indicators, affected identities, requested paths and methods, response outcomes, containment steps, scope estimate and open questions. Contact your hosting, CDN or WAF provider; identity and API providers; internal security, engineering and legal or privacy owners; and any integration partner whose credentials or systems may be involved.
Notify customers or users when the evidence supports exposure under your legal, contractual or regulatory obligations. State what is confirmed, what remains uncertain, the relevant time window, the protective action taken and what the recipient should do. Do not claim that data was stolen when logs only establish that it was reachable; do not minimize a confirmed account or credential compromise as “just a bot.” Keep a notification record with recipient, time, content and follow-up owner.
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CISA and partner agencies’ May 1, 2026 guidance on careful adoption of agentic AI services recommends layered defenses, strong identity, limited autonomy, threat modeling, continuous monitoring and regular assessments. Apply the same controls to internally built agents and third-party services connected to your website.
7. Eradicate the weakness and recover deliberately
- Patch the exploited application, authentication, authorization, dependency or configuration weakness. Remove exposed debug routes and unused integrations.
- Reset credentials again if the original investigation occurred before containment was complete, and verify that old sessions, keys and webhook signatures no longer work.
- Restore trusted content or configuration from a known-good source. Review changes rather than blindly restoring a backup that may contain the attacker’s modification.
- Re-enable services in stages, starting with read-only functions and least-privileged identities.
- Monitor authentication, authorization, WAF, API, database, storage and outbound-network events for recurrence.
- Run controlled tests for prompt injection, tool misuse, privilege escalation, memory poisoning, data exfiltration and recursive tool abuse.
Cloudflare’s Agent Access Model summarizes the operating rule this way: “Do not trust the run. Authorize every action against the task and its accumulated state.” It places enforcement in the tool harness and network layer rather than in instructions alone. In practice, a system should re-check identity, permission, target, current state and policy at every consequential tool call.
8. Prevent a repeat incident
Design an agent access register
List every agent, integration and service account that can reach the website or its supporting systems. For each, record owner, purpose, tools, resources, data classification, read or write capability, credential type, expiration, approval path and monitoring source. Review the register after product or prompt changes, not only during an annual audit.
Instrument the decisions that matter
- Log the authenticated principal and delegated authority for every tool call.
- Include the requested resource, policy decision, approval, result and downstream side effect.
- Alert on new tools, privilege changes, unusual spend, bulk reads, cross-tenant access and repeated denied actions.
- Retain enough context to connect a model run, browser session or API request to the human or service that initiated it.
Exercise the response
Run a tabletop exercise that starts with a suspicious browser-use session and tests evidence preservation, credential revocation, WAF changes, customer notification and restoration. Verify who can make an emergency block, who approves a risky exception, where logs are retained and how quickly an integration can be taken offline. Feed the lessons into runbooks and automated checks.
Decision checklist for the first day
- Incident owner and UTC timeline assigned.
- Original logs, authentication events, WAF or bot telemetry and provider evidence preserved.
- Sessions, API keys, OAuth grants, webhook secrets and service credentials assessed and rotated where exposed.
- High-risk tools, write access and administrative paths narrowed or disabled.
- Traffic classified as Search, Training, Agent, account takeover or ordinary malicious automation using behavior as well as labels.
- Reads, writes, privilege changes, spend and outbound transfers reviewed.
- Targeted rate limits, challenges or WAF rules deployed with verified API and accessibility exceptions.
- Hosting, identity, API, security, legal or privacy owners and affected parties notified as appropriate.
- Weakness patched, trusted content restored, controls tested and recurrence monitored.
The goal is not simply to make one automated client disappear. It is to prove what happened, remove any authority it retained, limit the site’s exposure while legitimate traffic continues, and make every future agent action independently authorized.
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