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What Is the Global Positioning System (GPS)? Definition and How It Works

The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses satellite signals, ground control, and receivers to provide location, navigation, and precise timing.
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S.-owned satellite system that provides positioning, navigation, and timing services. Satellites broadcast signals, a ground-based control network maintains the system, and receivers such as phones use those signals to calculate their own location and time.

What does GPS stand for?

GPS stands for Global Positioning System. It is one specific satellite navigation system, owned by the United States. The official GPS overview describes it as a utility providing positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services.

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GPS is not the same thing as a map app. A map app can display a location and plan a route, but GPS is the satellite-based system that helps a compatible receiver determine position and time.

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How does GPS work?

GPS satellites broadcast radio signals containing information about their location and the time the signals were sent. A receiver measures when signals arrive and estimates how long they traveled. Because radio signals travel at a known speed, the receiver can estimate its distance from each satellite.

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Using signals from at least four satellites, the receiver applies geometry to calculate a three-dimensional position. This is the basic educational explanation in the National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing’s How GPS Works poster.

The three parts of the system

  • Space segment: GPS satellites broadcast navigation signals. GPS.gov states that satellites orbit at about 20,200 km (12,550 miles) above Earth. Its space-segment page describes a commitment to maintain at least 24 operational satellites 95% of the time; that is a maintenance commitment, not a live satellite count.
  • Control segment: Ground-based stations monitor the satellites, manage satellite health, update navigation data, and adjust satellite clocks.
  • User segment: Receivers, including those in phones and dedicated navigation equipment, interpret the satellite signals and calculate position and time.

Does GPS track your phone?

No. GPS satellites transmit one-way reference signals; they do not receive a phone’s location or report where a person is. GPS.gov’s FAQ compares the satellites to beacons and states that the satellites themselves do not track anything on the ground.

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A phone may combine GPS data with other location technologies or services. Those are separate from the satellite broadcast itself: the GPS receiver calculates its position from signals it receives.

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What is GPS used for?

GPS supports more than turn-by-turn directions. Its positioning services are used in agriculture, construction, mining, surveying, package tracking, and supply-chain logistics. Public safety, emergency response, disaster relief, aviation, weather monitoring, and scientific monitoring are also among the applications listed by GPS.gov.

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GPS provides time as well as location

GPS receivers can synchronize to satellite atomic-clock time. That timing capability supports communications networks, power grids, banking, and financial markets, where precise synchronization matters. GPS.gov’s GPS and Telling Time page says users can determine time within 100 billionths of a second. This is the capability stated on that page, not a guarantee that every consumer device achieves that precision in all conditions.

GPS vs. GNSS: what is the difference?

GNSS means Global Navigation Satellite System. It is the general term for satellite systems that provide positioning, navigation, and timing globally or regionally. GPS is one GNSS: the U.S.-owned system. Other national systems can complement GPS or provide independent PNT capability. See GPS.gov’s overview of other GNSS systems.

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How many GPS satellites are there?

The number depends on the date and on whether the figure refers to satellites currently operating or to a system commitment. GPS.gov’s FAQ gives a historical count of 25 operational satellites as of July 3, 2023; that dated figure should not be treated as today’s count. Separately, GPS.gov says it aims to maintain at least 24 operational satellites 95% of the time. These figures describe different things, not a contradiction.

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GPS.gov also describes modernization plans that include additional civil signals, but signal availability can change and depends on the receiver. The overview summarizes those plans at GPS.gov’s GPS overview. Augmentation systems can improve availability, accuracy, or integrity for particular requirements, so augmented performance should not be assumed to be the same as basic GPS performance.

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