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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchThe Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a set of rules that lets an HTTP server pass a client request to an external program and return that program’s response. The server handles the network exchange; the CGI program handles application work such as processing data or generating a document. CGI is an interface specification, not a programming language.
What CGI defines
CGI describes how a web server and an external program share responsibility for answering HTTP requests. A program can be written in different languages, provided it follows the CGI conventions expected by the server. Apache describes CGI as a way for a web server to interact with external content-generating programs. Apache’s CGI documentation
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The formal definition appears in RFC 3875, “The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Version 1.1”, published in October 2004. It is an Informational RFC, not an Internet Standards Track standard.
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How a CGI request is handled
- A client sends an HTTP request to the server.
- Server configuration determines whether and how to invoke a CGI program for that request.
- The server makes request information available to the program as CGI meta-variables. The request may also include a message body.
- The program performs application processing and returns a CGI response to the server.
- The server sends the resulting response to the client.
Meta-variables can describe details such as the request method, query string, server, and path. RFC 3875 specifies that on UNIX-compatible systems these values are passed as identically named environment variables, accessible to a program through mechanisms such as getenv() or environ. The RFC also recognizes that implementation details vary by system, so this environment-variable behavior should not be assumed for every platform. RFC 3875, section 4.1
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What the server does and what the CGI program does
The server manages the connection and the network, transport, and data-transfer work associated with the client request. The CGI program handles the application-specific work, such as accessing data or processing documents. This division lets a server use an external program to create dynamic content without making CGI itself a programming language or a server.
CGI in Apache HTTP Server 2.4
Apache HTTP Server 2.4 documents CGI as a way to use external programs for dynamic content. CGI execution must be allowed by the server’s configuration; CGI is not automatically enabled in every Apache setup. Apache documents two modules for CGI support, with different execution models. Apache HTTP Server 2.4: Dynamic Content with CGI
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| Apache module | Execution model and context |
|---|---|
mod_cgid |
Uses a dedicated external daemon. Apache requires it with threaded MPMs such as event and worker. |
mod_cgi |
Runs programs directly from the server process. Apache uses it with the non-threaded prefork MPM, or on Windows. |
These are Apache-specific implementation choices, not competing definitions of CGI or requirements that apply to every web server.
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What to remember
- CGI stands for Common Gateway Interface.
- It specifies how a server and an external program exchange request information and responses.
- The server handles the network-facing exchange; the program handles application processing.
- CGI programs may be written in different languages if they follow the interface conventions.
- Environment-variable handling and execution modules depend on the platform and server implementation.
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