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What Is a CSV File? How to Create and Open One

A CSV stores table-like data as plain text. Learn how to export one from Excel or create it with Python, and avoid common delimiter and quoting problems.
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A CSV file stores tabular data as plain text, with fields separated by a delimiter—commonly commas—and usually one record per line. You can create one by exporting a sheet from a spreadsheet app or by writing it with a CSV-aware programming tool. The right method depends on whether this is a one-off file or a repeatable export, and on what the receiving app expects.

What a CSV file contains

CSV stands for comma-separated values. It is a text format for exchanging table-like data among spreadsheets, databases, and other tools. Each record contains fields, and the first record may contain column names. A header is optional, so make clear to the recipient whether the first row is data or field names.

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CSV does not preserve the features of a formatted spreadsheet workbook. It represents values in a text file; formatting, formulas as workbook features, and multiple sheets are not carried over as a complete workbook.

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There is no single universally binding CSV specification. RFC 4180, published in October 2005 as an informational document, describes a common format and registers the text/csv media type. Applications can differ in their CSV conventions.

How commas, quotes, and line breaks are handled

In the common format described by RFC 4180, fields containing commas, double quotes, or line breaks are enclosed in double quotes. A literal double quote inside a quoted field is represented by two double quotes. Spaces are part of the field value and should not be removed unless the data rules call for it.

name,notes
Ari,"Likes apples, pears, and plums"
Mina,"She said ""hello"""

The comma in Ari’s notes stays within one field because the whole value is quoted. Mina’s quotation marks are doubled so they are read as data. A quoted field can contain a line break, so one physical line in the file does not always equal one complete record. Where the destination expects a rectangular table, keep the same number of fields in each record.

Choose a spreadsheet export or a code workflow

Route Best suited to Delimiter and quoting control Repeatability
Spreadsheet export A one-off file created from a sheet Convenient, but behavior depends on the application and its settings Usually a manual workflow
Code with a CSV library Recurring exports or controlled data processing Can specify parsing and writing behavior, including dialect options Suitable for repeatable workflows

Create a CSV from Excel

For Excel for Microsoft 365, Excel 2024, and Excel 2021, Microsoft documents saving through File > Save As or Save a Copy. The available text formats can depend on the active sheet.

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  1. Open the workbook and select the sheet you intend to export.
  2. Choose File > Save As or File > Save a Copy.
  3. Choose a save location.
  4. In the file-type control, select the CSV format required by the receiving application, then save.

Excel’s CSV options save only the active sheet, and saving in text format removes formatting. Keep the original workbook if you need its layout, formulas, additional sheets, or other workbook features. The export is a text-data copy, not a full replacement for that workbook.

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Create or read CSV with Python

For a repeatable workflow, Python’s standard-library csv module provides reader and writer interfaces, along with dialect settings for differences among CSV variants, including files associated with Excel. Use the module’s documented file-opening guidance and select settings that match the destination.

Do not parse records by splitting each line on commas: a comma or newline may be part of a quoted field. A CSV-aware reader and writer handle those cases according to the selected dialect. The official reference for the version cited here is the Python 3.14.8 csv documentation.

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When a CSV imports incorrectly

If the file opens with everything in one column, or values split into unexpected columns, check the delimiter rather than assuming the contents are damaged. In Excel, use Data > From Text/CSV to import the file and choose the delimiter in the import flow. The list separator can depend on regional settings, so the same text may be interpreted differently across configurations.

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  • Confirm the delimiter the sender used and select that delimiter when importing.
  • Agree whether the first record is a header, especially when importing into a system that may treat it as data.
  • Check that fields containing delimiters, quotes, or line breaks are quoted and that literal quotes are escaped by doubling them in the common RFC 4180 form.
  • Use a CSV-aware parser for programmatic imports instead of splitting text at punctuation.

For Excel’s export behavior and supported version scope, see Microsoft’s instructions for saving a workbook to text or CSV. For delimiter selection during import, see Microsoft’s text and CSV import/export guidance.

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