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What Is a Class 4 Switch? Definition and Role in the Phone Network

A Class 4 switch, usually called a tandem switch, routes telephone traffic between network offices rather than serving individual phones directly.
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A Class 4 switch is an intermediate telephone-network switch, usually called a tandem switch. It routes calls between telephone offices by connecting network trunks; unlike a local end-office switch, it generally does not connect directly to individual telephones.

What a Class 4 switch does

In the public switched telephone network (PSTN), a Class 4 switch moves traffic from one network office or switch to another. A carrier-agreement template defines a tandem as a switch that “connects one trunk to another, in a series, for the purpose of exchanging traffic” and describes it as an intermediate switch between the call’s origin and destination (carrier-agreement template). Dialogic’s glossary likewise uses tandem switch for the intermediate switching role (Dialogic glossary).

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Here, trunk means a connection between telephone-network switches or offices, rather than a subscriber’s individual phone line. Class 4 describes the switch’s place and function in the call path; it is not a particular model number or a guarantee of one hardware technology.

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Where it sits in a call

A simplified call path is:

  1. Caller’s telephone connects to a local end office, commonly a Class 5 switch.
  2. If the call needs to travel between network offices, one or more Class 4 tandem switches can route it onward.
  3. A destination-side end office connects the call to the recipient’s telephone.

Not every call passes through a Class 4 switch. Its intermediate role matters when traffic needs to move between offices; it generally does not connect directly to customers (carrier-agreement template; technical reference).

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Class 4 vs. Class 5 switches

Feature Class 4 Class 5
Common name Tandem switch End-office switch
Network position Intermediate, between network offices Local exchange, serving subscriber lines
Typical role Routes traffic between offices by connecting trunks Provides local switching associated with subscriber lines and telephones
Direct connection to individual telephones Generally no Associated with serving subscribers

The distinction is functional: Class 4 is the intermediate tandem role, while Class 5 is associated with the subscriber-serving end office (carrier-agreement template; technical reference). The terms do not, by themselves, specify one physical design for every switch.

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Common tandem roles

Access tandem

An access tandem connects local end offices toward interexchange carriers, which provide long-distance service. It may serve traffic near a carrier’s point of presence.

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Local or sector tandem

A local or sector tandem connects end offices to exchange traffic within a local access and transport area.

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These are common functional descriptions, not universal labels: terminology and network design can vary by carrier. Regulatory references to Class 4 switching may also use the term for specific purposes, such as defining telephone-service origination and termination, rather than setting out a complete engineering taxonomy (regulatory material; technical reference).

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