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If webhook signature verification fails, first confirm which provider sent the request, then verify the exact raw request bytes with that provider’s prescribed secret, header, algorithm, and encoding. The most common causes are a body parser changing the payload, a secret from the wrong endpoint or environment, a mismatched signature format, or a timestamp check failing. Keep verification enabled: an invalid signature means the request has not been authenticated.
Start with the provider and the exact failure
Webhook signatures are not interchangeable across providers. Their headers, signing inputs, digest formats, and timestamp rules can differ, so use the provider’s current documentation or maintained SDK for the specific endpoint and event. The examples below cover GitHub, Stripe, and Shopify; they are not a universal webhook standard.
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For a useful diagnostic record, log the provider, receiving endpoint or environment, event or delivery ID, verification stage, and failure category. Do not log signing secrets or sensitive payload contents. If a provider reports a specific failure, preserve its wording: Stripe troubleshooting, for example, describes “no signatures found matching the expected signature for payload” and “timestamp outside the tolerance zone.”
Common causes and how to fix them
The request body changed before verification
Verification usually authenticates bytes, not the abstract meaning of a JSON object. Parsing JSON and serializing it again can change whitespace, key order, escaping, or other bytes while leaving the data apparently equivalent. Stripe requires the raw, unmodified incoming body for verification, and Shopify directs developers to capture the raw body and run verification before body-parsing middleware. See Stripe’s webhook troubleshooting guidance and Shopify’s verification instructions.
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- Read and retain the request bytes once, before JSON parsing or any middleware that might transform them.
- Pass those same bytes to the provider SDK or verifier; parse the event only after verification succeeds.
- Check framework middleware order and whether adapters, decompression, or request handling layers alter the body.
The signing secret belongs to a different endpoint or environment
Confirm that the secret is for the exact app or receiving endpoint that generated the delivery. A secret from another endpoint or environment will not validate the signature. Stripe’s local CLI listener can use a distinct signing secret from a dashboard-configured endpoint, so use the secret shown for the active listener when testing locally. GitHub also notes that its signature header is absent if no secret has been configured. Consult Stripe’s troubleshooting page and GitHub’s webhook troubleshooting page.
- Check which endpoint, app, account, environment, or local listener sent the request.
- Confirm the configured secret at the receiving endpoint without printing it into logs.
- If the signature header is missing, check provider configuration rather than treating an absent header as a valid signature.
The header, algorithm, or signature representation is wrong
Use the provider’s exact header name and format. GitHub recommends X-Hub-Signature-256 with HMAC-SHA256; X-Hub-Signature is its legacy HMAC-SHA1 header. GitHub represents the HMAC as a hexadecimal digest prefixed with sha256=. Shopify’s X-Shopify-Hmac-SHA256 value is a base64-encoded HMAC-SHA256. Do not compare a hex digest with a base64 value or remove required formatting. The details are in GitHub’s validation documentation and Shopify’s verification documentation.
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| Provider | Documented signature details | First checks |
|---|---|---|
| GitHub | X-Hub-Signature-256; HMAC-SHA256; hex digest prefixed with sha256=. X-Hub-Signature is legacy HMAC-SHA1. |
Correct configured secret, unchanged payload and headers, UTF-8 handling where required, and constant-time comparison. |
| Stripe | Stripe-Signature; endpoint signing secret; timestamp included in verification. |
Raw request body, secret for the sending endpoint or active CLI listener, synchronized clock, and prompt verification. |
| Shopify | X-Shopify-Hmac-SHA256; base64-encoded HMAC-SHA256 using the app client secret and raw request body. |
Capture raw bytes before body-parser middleware and preserve the expected encoding. |
A timestamp check fails
For providers that sign a timestamp, a bad system clock or delayed verification can cause a valid delivery to fall outside the accepted tolerance. Stripe documents this failure mode. Check that the server clock is correctly synchronized and verify promptly after receipt. Do not widen the timestamp tolerance casually: it helps limit replay risk. The cited material does not establish one timestamp window that applies across providers. See Stripe’s troubleshooting guidance.
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A proxy, adapter, or encoding step changed the request
If the secret and verifier appear correct, inspect the path between the provider and application. Reverse proxies, load balancers, serverless adapters, decompression, and middleware can affect payload bytes or signature headers. GitHub specifically advises checking that proxies or load balancers do not modify payloads or headers, and that payload text is handled using the specified UTF-8 encoding. Compare what the application receives with the bytes and headers the provider documents as signed. See GitHub’s troubleshooting guidance.
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Use a safe verification sequence
- Identify the sender. Establish the provider, receiving endpoint or environment, and event or delivery ID.
- Confirm the secret. Check that it belongs to the endpoint or app that sent this delivery. For Stripe local testing, use the active CLI listener’s secret rather than assuming the dashboard endpoint secret applies.
- Capture the raw bytes. Read the body before parsing or transforming it and retain the bytes for the verifier.
- Match the provider’s rules. Confirm the header, algorithm, signed input, digest encoding, and any timestamp check against that provider’s documentation or SDK.
- Use safe comparison. Prefer a maintained provider SDK. If implementing verification yourself, compare signatures with a constant-time primitive, not ordinary string equality. GitHub explicitly warns against a plain
==comparison in its validation guidance. - Inspect the request path. If the preceding checks pass, examine middleware order, proxy behavior, serverless adapters, decompression, and encoding for changes to the body or headers.
- Keep rejecting failures. Treat an invalid or missing signature as an unauthenticated request. Do not disable verification to make deliveries appear successful.
- Process authenticated events idempotently. Webhooks may be delivered more than once—for example, after a network timeout. Shopify documents using the webhook ID to detect duplicate deliveries in its delivery verification guidance.
After verification: prevent duplicate effects
Signature verification establishes that a request passes the provider’s authentication check; it does not guarantee that the event will arrive only once. Make event handling idempotent so retrying a delivery does not repeat its effects. Shopify notes that duplicate deliveries can occur, such as after a network timeout, and documents using the webhook ID to detect them.
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