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How to upload a file over JSON-RPC, when JSON has no type for a file
JSON-RPC 2.0 defines a request format and uses JSON values for parameters; it does not define a file field, binary type, or standard upload binding. It is also transport agnostic, so the RPC message and the way file bytes reach the service are separate design concerns. See the JSON-RPC 2.0 specification.
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That means an implementation can support file workflows, but client and server must share a contract describing how the bytes and RPC call relate. Three practical patterns cover most needs.
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| Pattern | Best fit | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Base64 in a JSON parameter | Small, bounded files when a single JSON request is convenient | Simple request shape, but the service must decode and validate the text; payload limits and memory use matter. |
| Multipart HTTP request with an RPC binding | One HTTP request must carry file bytes and related fields | Multipart standardizes file parts, but JSON-RPC does not define how those parts map to method parameters. |
| Separate upload, then JSON-RPC reference | Larger files, streaming needs, or middleware that expects application/json | Separates file transfer from the RPC call, but requires identifier, authorization, expiry, and failure-handling rules. |
Option 1: Put Base64 in a JSON parameter
Base64 represents bytes as text, making it possible to place encoded content in an ordinary JSON string. The encoding is specified by RFC 4648; using it as a JSON-RPC file convention is an application choice, not a feature of JSON-RPC itself.
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A service might define a parameter like this:
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "document.import",
"params": {
"file": {
"name": "report.pdf",
"mediaType": "application/pdf",
"encoding": "base64",
"data": "<base64-encoded bytes>"
}
},
"id": 1
}This is an illustrative service schema, not a standardized JSON-RPC file object. Document the parameter names, the exact Base64 convention, accepted media types, and maximum sizes. The server should decode the content and validate it; a filename or declared media type alone does not establish what the bytes contain. There is no universal size threshold for this design: the practical limit depends on application constraints, intermediaries, memory behavior, and client and server implementations.
Option 2: Send a multipart request with an explicit binding
RFC 7578 defines multipart/form-data, including file parts, and permits its use beyond ordinary HTML form submissions. When known, a file part should be labeled with its appropriate media type; otherwise, RFC 7578 §4.4 specifies application/octet-stream.
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The standard does not specify how a JSON-RPC method receives a multipart file part. If a service sends an RPC envelope and file in one multipart request, its API contract must define the envelope’s representation, part names, mapping to method parameters, size limits, and error behavior. Confirm that the server middleware, proxies, and clients can parse and forward that request; software expecting a plain application/json body may not accept it.
Option 3: Upload first, then call JSON-RPC with an identifier
A dedicated upload operation can accept the bytes and return an opaque identifier. A later JSON-RPC call then supplies that identifier and any metadata needed by the method. This is an architectural pattern, not a flow prescribed by either JSON-RPC or RFC 7578. It is often a better fit when files are large, streaming matters, or existing RPC infrastructure expects JSON request bodies.
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Define the lifecycle as part of the service contract: when the uploaded object expires, whether it can be reused, which user or session can access it, and what happens to it if the subsequent RPC call fails. Authorization must cover both the upload and later use of its identifier.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Set limits and handle files as untrusted input
- Set request-body and per-file limits at the API and any intermediaries; reject oversized input predictably.
- Validate actual file content rather than trusting a filename or declared media type. Treat both as metadata.
- Generate server-side storage names. RFC 7578 warns receivers not to use a supplied filename blindly or preserve its path as a local filesystem path.
- Enforce authorization when bytes are uploaded and when an identifier is later used.
- Avoid logging file contents or secrets, and define cleanup or expiry for temporary uploads.
These safeguards need to fit the service’s threat model and platform. The standards do not decide the maximum size, storage policy, parser behavior, or authorization model for a particular API.
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What the API contract must specify
Whichever pattern is chosen, document enough detail for independent clients and servers to interoperate:
- How bytes are represented or transferred, including part names or the JSON parameter structure.
- Filename and media-type handling, encoding if applicable, and request and file size limits.
- Whether an upload produces an identifier, how that identifier is authorized, and how long the object remains available.
- Validation rules, error responses, cleanup behavior, and what happens when upload succeeds but the RPC operation does not.
For small files, a documented Base64 JSON parameter is usually the simplest single-request convention. For larger files or systems constrained by JSON request handling, use a separate upload route and pass its identifier to JSON-RPC. Use multipart in one request only when the service explicitly defines and supports the binding between its RPC envelope and file part.
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