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Build the migration stage into the deployment sequence
Keep migration execution separate from application startup. A deployment-triggered migration job gives the change a visible result and lets the pipeline control which release may alter production schema. Treat the sequence below as an implementation pattern, not a turnkey AWS recipe for Knex and MySQL.
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- Validate in CI. Compile the TypeScript application and migrations, then run migration tests against a compatible MySQL engine with representative data. Compilation catches TypeScript issues, but it does not prove the generated SQL or resulting schema is correct. Knex describes its TypeScript support as best-effort; AWS Prescriptive Guidance recommends automated migration testing for correctness and data integrity, although its worked database-migration example is SQL Server-focused. Knex installation and TypeScript guidance · AWS Prescriptive Guidance on a CI/CD database-migration pipeline.
- Package a runnable migration artifact. Include the migrations and the dependencies and configuration needed to execute Knex. Choose whether the job runs TypeScript directly or runs compiled JavaScript; do not leave both extensions eligible for loading if compiled files sit beside their TypeScript originals.
- Run one authorized production migration job. Use a deployment-controlled stage and an execution environment that can reach the database. Retrieve its credentials at runtime from a secure store rather than embedding them in pipeline configuration.
- Check the result before application deployment. Require a successful job result and inspect migration status as appropriate. Deploy only code compatible with the resulting schema, including during any interval when old and new application versions may overlap.
Choose how the job loads migration files
Knex’s migration guide documents generating TypeScript migrations with -x ts, configuring migration paths and extensions, and applying pending migrations with its CLI. Knex tracks applied migrations in a migrations table. Select one loading strategy deliberately:
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| Approach | What the job needs | Important detail |
|---|---|---|
| Run TypeScript migrations | The TypeScript migration files and the runtime dependencies/configuration needed to load them. | Knex documents knex migrate:make <name> -x ts for generating a TypeScript migration. Verify that the production job can load the same TypeScript setup used by tests. |
| Compile migrations to JavaScript | The compiled migration files and the JavaScript runtime dependencies/configuration. | Set the configured migration extension to the intended output. If both .ts and compiled .js files are present, avoid loading both copies of the same migration. |
Knex’s installation guide lists the mysql package for MySQL or MariaDB. Keep database-level tests even when TypeScript compilation succeeds: type checking does not validate the SQL Knex generates or prove a migration produces the intended schema. See Knex migrations and Knex installation and TypeScript guidance.
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Use CLI commands deliberately
Knex’s CLI provides the basic migration workflow. Run the commands in the same environment and with the same configuration that the deployment job will use; a local command succeeding does not establish that the production job has network access or the right credentials.
- Create a TypeScript migration with
knex migrate:make <name> -x ts. - Apply pending migrations with
knex migrate:latest. - Use Knex’s migration-list command to review completed and pending migrations when investigating state.
- Knex also documents commands to roll back the latest batch and to unlock migrations. A rollback is not a substitute for checking which database statements completed or what data changed.
Configure the migration directory, file extension, migration table name, and load extensions explicitly where needed. Knex’s migration guide documents these options and the CLI commands: Knex.js Migrations.
Decide transaction behavior per migration
Knex wraps each migration in a transaction by default. It supports global transaction configuration and per-migration controls, so select behavior based on the operations in the migration and validate it against the MySQL server and version you run.
| Choice | Use when | What to validate |
|---|---|---|
| Leave the default transaction behavior enabled | The migration operations are suitable for execution within a transaction. | Test both successful completion and failure handling with the actual database operations. Knex says transaction queries use the same connection and failures roll back work on that connection; that does not establish atomic rollback for every MySQL DDL statement or server/version combination. |
| Disable transactions for a migration, or globally | The specific operation or database behavior requires a migration to run without Knex’s transaction wrapper. | Plan for partial completion and define how to inspect and recover from it. Prefer a per-migration decision when only particular migrations need different behavior. |
Knex’s transaction documentation describes transaction behavior and configuration; its migration guide documents transaction controls for migrations. Neither should be read as a universal guarantee about MySQL DDL rollback. Knex.js Transactions · Knex.js Migrations.
Control credentials, network access, and concurrency
Retrieve secrets at runtime
Do not put a database password directly into a pipeline action’s configuration or a pipeline-level variable default: AWS warns those values may appear in logs. AWS recommends Secrets Manager for database passwords and similar secrets. Give the migration job a narrowly scoped role that can retrieve only the secret it needs and perform only its authorized pipeline work. AWS CodePipeline security best practices · AWS CodePipeline data protection.
Place the job on an approved path to the database
The process running Knex must be able to connect to the database. If the database is private, the migration compute needs an approved network path, including the necessary routing and security-group access. AWS guidance discusses VPC endpoints for private service communication and database-migration examples using compute located in the database VPC; it does not define one universal network design for every Knex/MySQL deployment. Choose the topology for your services and verify reachability and access controls before release. AWS Prescriptive Guidance on a CI/CD database-migration pipeline · AWS CodePipeline data protection.
Prevent overlapping production runs
Knex uses a migration lock to stop two processes from applying a migration batch at the same time. That application-level lock complements, but does not replace, pipeline release controls: authorize only one production migration job at a time. If a process crashes, the lock may need manual release after the database state has been checked. Knex.js Migrations.
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A failed pipeline run does not by itself tell you whether a migration made no changes, completed some statements, or finished but failed later in the job. Before retrying or using knex migrate:unlock:
- Confirm that the original migration process has stopped and cannot resume.
- Inspect the database state and Knex migration records to determine what completed.
- Choose a deliberate recovery action based on those findings: retry, apply a corrective migration, or unlock only when it is appropriate to do so.
This recovery decision depends on the specific statements completed and the database state. Do not treat unlocking as a repair or assume a rollback restored every MySQL schema change. Knex documents migration history, locking, and the possibility that a crashed process requires manual unlocking: Knex.js Migrations.
Keep schema changes compatible across releases
Application deployment can overlap with old code still running. For a change that cannot be introduced safely in one step, use an expand-and-contract rollout as an engineering approach:
- Add the new schema in a way that remains compatible with the current application.
- Deploy application code that can work with both the old and new schema shapes.
- Backfill or transform data when required, and verify the result.
- Remove obsolete schema in a later release after no running application version depends on it.
Test the actual migration path with representative data and the compatible MySQL engine before production; a migration that works on an empty test database may behave differently with production data.
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