A standard Cardano native token can move between holders without the issuer approving each later transfer. The issuer’s minting policy controls minting and burning, not who receives the token next. A “permissioned” token, which CIP-113 calls a programmable token-like asset, adds a script check every time ownership changes. Whether the issuer or someone else can also freeze or seize holdings depends on the specific token, not on the label. CIP-113 is still marked Proposed, so check each token’s deployment and wallet support yourself.
The core difference in one table
| Question | Standard native token | Programmable (permissioned) token under CIP-113 |
|---|---|---|
| What the issuer’s policy controls | Who may mint and burn, per the minting policy (Cardano Developer Portal) | Minting and burning too, plus the token’s own transfer logic |
| Transfers | Ledger-level assets; no issuer logic approves each later transfer (Cardano Docs) | A change of owner requires successful script execution (CIP-0113) |
| Possible rules | None on transfer by default | Examples include allowlists and transfer limits, depending on the substandard |
| Freeze or seize | Not part of ordinary transfers | Possible only if the token’s third-party logic enables it; CIP-113 does not prescribe one authority model |
| Wallet support | Broadly displayed by Cardano wallets | Must be verified per wallet and per token |
Cardano’s own glossary describes a programmable token in plain terms as a native token with a rulebook attached that is checked when it moves (glossary).
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Minting authority is not transfer authority
These two powers are easy to confuse. A minting policy decides who can create or destroy supply. It does not, by itself, give the issuer a say over each later transfer. That is the baseline for a standard native token, as described in Cardano’s tokenized assets guidance.
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Can a Cardano token issuer freeze my tokens?
It depends on the token. CIP-113 states that third-party logic may enable actions such as freeze, seizure or wipe. The framework does not require them and does not set a single authority model. So you cannot say that every programmable token is centrally controlled, or that every issuer can seize holdings. Equally, you cannot assume a token is safe from this because it is “native”.
For an ordinary native token with no transfer script, a freeze is not part of how transfers work.
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How to inspect a specific programmable token
The CIP’s security guidance points to the questions a holder should ask. Work through them in this order:
- Identify the substandard. It defines the token-specific behavior, including what transfers require, such as allowlist membership or transfer limits.
- List the third-party actions. Check whether freeze, seizure, wipe or anything similar is enabled, who can trigger it, and whether it can happen without your consent.
- Find who can change the logic. The CIP warns that live delegate credentials mean you cannot assume the logic that validated a past transfer will validate the next one. Look for who can alter the live logic or the deployment parameters.
- Check any user state the token requires. Some transfers may depend on you being approved or registered.
- Confirm wallet and dApp support for that exact token, not just for Cardano assets generally.
- Read the legal terms separately. See the section below.
Does my wallet support CIP-113 tokens?
Do not infer support from ordinary asset support. The proposal places programmable tokens at derived script addresses. A wallet may therefore need to query that address as well as your ordinary one, and build transactions with the required registry and reference inputs. CIP-113 lists balance queries and transaction history among wallet support requirements. Constructing transfers is described as optional. A wallet could therefore show a balance without being able to send it. Check support at the time you use it, for the specific token.
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Status: a proposal, not a guarantee of mainnet readiness
The official CIP page labels CIP-0113 “Proposed”, with an update date of September 29, 2026. It documents a Preview network bootstrap version. Its path to active still includes issuance on Preview and mainnet, end-to-end tests, and a widely adopted wallet that can display balances and enable transfers. A technical specification or a test deployment does not mean a token is available or supported on mainnet.
Metadata does not tell you the rules
CIP-26 is an off-chain metadata registry, and CIP-68 defines datum metadata for native assets (Token Metadata & Registry; CIP-68). They help wallets and apps read a name, ticker or logo. They are not transfer-control standards. A familiar name or logo shows nothing about who controls transfers, or whether the token represents an enforceable claim.
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On-chain control is not legal ownership
Cardano’s tokenization guidance says tokenized assets may fall under financial regulation. Depending on the asset and jurisdiction, issuers may need controls such as limiting transfers to verified investors, or freezing and recovering tokens for legal reasons (source). That is context, not a finding that any particular token is regulated or compliant. Redemption rights, ownership claims and enforceability come from the issuer’s terms and the applicable law. On-chain powers alone do not settle them, so read the terms and take legal advice for anything significant.
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