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What a separate app controls—and what it does not
Microsoft Graph PowerShell supports delegated and app-only authentication. Connect-MgGraph is the entry point for authenticating before running commands that access Graph. Microsoft describes a custom delegated app as a way to isolate and limit consent permissions for Graph PowerShell usage: Microsoft Graph PowerShell authentication commands.
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A dedicated app gives the organization a distinct application registration and consent boundary for this use. Requiring assignment on the corresponding enterprise application adds a separate launch gate. Neither step automatically makes the granted permissions narrow: choose only the scopes the workload needs, and remember that delegated access remains constrained by the signed-in user’s privileges.
Choose delegated or app-only access
| Model | Identity used | Access boundary | Consent and fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Delegated | A signed-in user, with the app acting on that user’s behalf. | Both the granted scopes and the user’s own access apply. | Prefer this when it meets the workload’s requirements. See Microsoft Graph permissions overview. |
| Application (app-only) | The application itself; no signed-in user is required. | Access is determined by the application permissions granted to it. | Highly privileged and requires administrator consent. Microsoft recommends delegated permissions when they are sufficient. See Microsoft Graph permissions overview and permissions and consent overview. |
Use delegated access for an operator working interactively when the user’s identity and permissions should remain part of the boundary. Use app-only access for an unattended job that must run without a user, but treat its permissions and credentials as privileged infrastructure.
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Configure a separate app for delegated Graph PowerShell
- Register the app in Microsoft Entra. In the Microsoft Entra admin center, create an app registration in your organization’s directory for this Graph PowerShell use. Follow Microsoft’s current redirect URI instructions, including the
http://localhostpublic-client redirect URI and the additional Windows Authentication Manager broker redirect URI where applicable. See Microsoft’s authentication guide for the current configuration details. - Set the enterprise application assignment gate. Open Enterprise applications, select the enterprise application created for the registration, set Assignment required? to Yes, and assign only the permitted users and groups. This controls which assigned users or groups can use the enterprise application; it is not a substitute for limiting Graph permissions.
- Choose the necessary delegated permissions. Grant only the scopes required for the operations the operators need. The required permissions and consent experience depend on the task and your tenant’s consent configuration. A dedicated app does not make a broad permission least-privileged.
- Connect using the app and tenant IDs. Replace the placeholders with the registration’s application (client) ID and your tenant ID:
Connect-MgGraph -ClientId <YOUR_NEW_APP_ID> -TenantId <YOUR_TENANT_ID>The command identifies the custom app and tenant; it does not, by itself, grant every permission needed for every Graph operation. Consent and the scopes required for the work still matter. Microsoft’s custom delegated-app guidance is at Use a custom application for delegated access.
Use app-only authentication for unattended scripts
For a job that must run without a signed-in user, register an application, configure the application permissions needed for its scenario, and upload the certificate’s public key to the app registration. The app-only guide shows connecting with the application ID, tenant ID, and certificate thumbprint:
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Connect-MgGraph -ClientID <APP_ID> -TenantId <TENANT_ID> -CertificateThumbprint <CERT_THUMBPRINT>Microsoft also documents certificate-name and certificate-object forms. Verify the parameter syntax against the current authentication guide and the installed module version before deploying a production script: Microsoft Graph PowerShell app-only authentication and Connect-MgGraph reference.
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Keep permissions and grant-management rights narrow
Microsoft permission names often indicate the resource, operation, and constraint. For example, Application.ReadWrite.OwnedBy is limited to applications the app creates or owns, unlike a permission that can manage applications more broadly. A separate registration is not a least-privilege control unless its permissions are also appropriately scoped. See Microsoft Graph permissions overview.
Be especially cautious if a tool is intended to administer permissions or consent grants. Microsoft warns that DelegatedPermissionGrant.ReadWrite.All and AppRoleAssignment.ReadWrite.All can manage grants and elevate privileges across apps, users, or groups in the organization. Do not add them to an everyday operator app without a specific, justified need. See Microsoft’s grant and revoke permissions guidance.
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What to verify before relying on the access boundary
- The intended app registration is the one whose client ID is used by the connection command, and the tenant ID points to the organization’s directory.
- The enterprise application has Assignment required? set to Yes, and only the intended users or groups are assigned.
- The delegated scopes or application permissions match the workload, and consent has been granted under the tenant’s policy.
- For unattended access, the app registration has the certificate’s public key and the job can access the corresponding certificate credential securely.
- The installed Microsoft Graph PowerShell module and current Microsoft documentation agree on the authentication parameters being used.
Microsoft’s documentation explains the intended configuration, but it does not establish whether any particular tenant has applied it correctly. Confirm the settings in your own tenant and validate access with the intended account and workload. Portal labels, authentication guidance, and module behavior can change; Microsoft’s permissions overview lists its update date as December 26, 2025.
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