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HPV Vaccine vs. Hepatitis B Vaccine: Which Cancers Can Each Help Prevent?

HPV vaccination can help prevent six HPV-linked cancer types; hepatitis B vaccination helps prevent liver cancer by preventing HBV infection.
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The HPV vaccine helps prevent cancers linked to the HPV types it targets: cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. The hepatitis B vaccine helps prevent liver cancer by preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. They target different viruses, so neither vaccine substitutes for the other.

Which cancers can the HPV vaccine help prevent?

By preventing new infections with cancer-associated HPV types, HPV vaccination can help prevent cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and oropharynx. The oropharynx is the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils. The vaccine does not treat an HPV infection or disease that is already present.

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CDC says more than 90% of cancers caused by HPV can be prevented through HPV vaccination. Its U.S. annual case estimates differ by page and date: a 2024 CDC clinical overview cited about 36,500 HPV-caused cancer cases per year and estimated vaccination could prevent more than 90%, or 33,700 cases annually; a separate CDC overview updated December 8, 2025, reported about 39,300 HPV-caused cancers each year. These are distinct CDC page estimates, not a single combined count.

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Which cancer can the hepatitis B vaccine help prevent?

The hepatitis B vaccine helps prevent liver cancer by preventing HBV infection. HBV can cause acute illness or become chronic; chronic infection can lead to liver disease or liver cancer. This is risk reduction through infection prevention, not a guarantee that a vaccinated person cannot develop liver cancer for another reason.

How the vaccines differ

Vaccine Virus it prevents Cancers it can help prevent Key qualification
HPV vaccine Vaccine-targeted types of human papillomavirus (HPV) Cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal Prevents new infections; does not treat existing HPV infection or disease.
Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Liver Prevents HBV infection, including infections that could become chronic and contribute to liver cancer risk.

The vaccines are not competing choices: HPV and HBV are different viruses, and each vaccine addresses a different infection-related cancer pathway. CDC does not provide a comparable cancer-prevention percentage for hepatitis B vaccination in the cited material.

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What screening and guidance still matter?

HPV vaccination does not replace recommended cervical cancer screening. Screening and follow-up can prevent cervical cancer or find it early. CDC says screening tests are not currently recommended for other HPV-associated cancer sites.

In U.S. guidance, HPV vaccination is routinely recommended for preteens ages 11–12 and may start at age 9; catch-up vaccination is recommended through age 26 for those not already vaccinated. Some unvaccinated adults ages 27–45 may discuss potential benefit with a clinician. CDC says hepatitis B vaccine is available for all age groups. Individual schedules and recommendations can depend on circumstances; follow current local guidance and consult a clinician.

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