Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsUse Python’s built-in unittest module—often called PyUnit—with Selenium by putting browser tests in a class derived from unittest.TestCase. Start the WebDriver in setUp(), register driver.quit with addCleanup(), and run the file with python -m unittest. PyUnit is not a separate package: the module you import and run is unittest.
What PyUnit means in a Selenium project
PyUnit is a familiar name for Python’s standard-library testing framework. Its official module is unittest, so you do not install a separate PyUnit package to write Selenium tests. A test case is a class derived from unittest.TestCase; test methods begin with test, and assertions report whether expected behavior occurred.
This approach is useful when you want a test runner included with Python and tests organized around classes and fixtures. Selenium supports both unittest-style tests and other runners. The examples here use the unittest interface.
Prepare Python and Selenium
The Selenium Python bindings documentation surfaced as version 4.49.0 on October 3, 2026, and states that Python 3.10 or newer is supported. Check the current Selenium documentation before adopting a version requirement for a different release or environment.
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Create and activate a virtual environment in your project directory:
python -m venv .venvOn macOS or Linux, activate it with
source .venv/bin/activate. In Windows PowerShell, use.venvScriptsActivate.ps1. -
Install Selenium into the active environment:
python -m pip install selenium -
Install a supported browser if one is not already available. Modern Selenium uses Selenium Manager to handle browser-driver setup in most supported cases when the WebDriver is created. You do not generally need to begin by manually downloading a driver executable and adding it to
PATH. Manual browser or driver setup remains an option when your environment requires it.
Selenium’s documented Python browser targets include Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari, WebKitGTK, and WPEWebKit; actual availability depends on the operating system and installed browser.
Write a minimal Selenium unittest
Save this as test_selenium.py. It opens a browser, visits Selenium’s site, checks the title, and quits the WebDriver session after the test—even if the assertion fails.
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import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
class SeleniumTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
self.addCleanup(self.driver.quit)
def test_page_title_contains_selenium(self):
self.driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
self.assertIn("Selenium", self.driver.title)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
Why the setup and cleanup belong here
setUp() runs before each test method, so each test gets its own browser session. addCleanup(self.driver.quit) registers cleanup as soon as the driver exists. unittest runs registered cleanup when the test finishes, including when its body fails. Use quit() to end the WebDriver session; close() closes only the current window and may leave a session running if multiple windows are open.
Choose assertions that describe behavior
Use unittest assertions for the condition the test is meant to verify: for example, assertEqual for an exact value, assertIn for containment, or assertTrue and assertFalse for boolean conditions. An assertion failure is reported by the runner as a failed test rather than being confused with a successful browser launch.
Run one test, then discover a suite
Run a test file
From the directory containing the file, run:
python -m unittest test_selenium.pyYou can also execute the file directly because the example includes unittest.main():
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python test_selenium.pySelect a method or class
The unittest command line accepts dotted names for a module, class, or individual test method. For example, when the test is importable as test_selenium:
python -m unittest test_selenium.SeleniumTestCase.test_page_title_contains_seleniumDiscover tests as the project grows
Use conventional test filenames such as test_search.py and keep test modules organized in a package or project test directory. To discover tests under a directory:
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python -m unittest discover -s tests -p "test_*.py"Here, -s tests selects the starting directory and -p sets the filename pattern. Keep each test self-contained so it can run alone or as part of discovery. If the project needs explicit composition rather than discovery, unittest also provides TestSuite for grouping test cases.
Keep browser tests reliable as the suite grows
-
Use setup and cleanup fixtures for resources shared by a test’s lifecycle, but avoid making one test depend on state left by another.
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Keep assertions focused on observable page behavior. A test should fail because the expected behavior did not occur, not because it relies on incidental state from another test.
-
Run a single test while diagnosing a failure, then run discovery to verify the suite as a whole.
-
For local tests, a Selenium server is not required. Remote WebDriver or Selenium Grid is an optional route when browser sessions need to run remotely; it is a scaling choice, not a prerequisite for the first local test.
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Use pytest with existing unittest tests
You can run many existing unittest tests under pytest without rewriting their test classes. By default, pytest collects TestCase subclasses and test methods from files named test_*.py or *_test.py. Install pytest in the same environment as Selenium and run it from the project directory:
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python -m pytestpytest can add richer tracebacks, output capture, selection options, and plugin support. Compatibility is not complete: if your suite relies on unittest’s load_tests protocol, check pytest’s current compatibility documentation before switching runners. You can keep unittest tests and use the runner that best fits your project.
| Consideration | unittest | pytest running unittest tests |
|---|---|---|
| Dependency | Included in Python’s standard library. | Requires installing pytest. |
| Test style | Uses TestCase classes, fixtures, and unittest assertions. |
Can collect unittest TestCase classes and methods; pytest also offers its own test style. |
| Selection and reporting | Runs tests by path or dotted module, class, and method name. | Offers pytest selection controls, output capture, tracebacks, and plugins. |
| Compatibility | Uses unittest’s own framework protocols. | Most unittest features work, but compatibility is not total; verify special protocols such as load_tests. |
Troubleshoot common failures
Python cannot import Selenium
Likely cause: Selenium was installed into a different Python environment from the one running the test. Fix: activate the project’s virtual environment and install with python -m pip install selenium; then run the test with that same environment’s python.
WebDriver cannot start or find a browser
Likely cause: the browser is missing, unsupported on the current platform, or browser/driver setup cannot be completed in this environment. Fix: confirm the browser is installed and available, then retry with Selenium Manager. If your environment requires it or Manager cannot handle the setup, configure a compatible browser and driver manually using Selenium’s current guidance.
The test file runs but no tests are found
Likely cause: the class does not inherit from unittest.TestCase, the method name does not begin with test, or the filename does not match the discovery pattern. Fix: check those names and, for discovery, confirm the selected start directory and pattern.
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The browser remains open after a failure
Likely cause: cleanup was not registered, or the code closes a window instead of ending the session. Fix: register self.driver.quit with addCleanup() immediately after creating the driver.
Or skip the browser setup
If your goal is a clean screenshot rather than browser interaction and assertions, ScreenshotNeo offers a one-request alternative. Its API accepts a URL and can return an image or PDF:
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://selenium.dev -o shot.webpSee the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options. ScreenshotNeo accepts cookie and consent banners and removes 60+ known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each step can be turned off. Bot checks/CAPTCHAs, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and responses identify the page verdict and billing status in headers. An MCP server provides take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf tools for AI agents and MCP clients. The free plan includes 1,000 shots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots. ScreenshotNeo is a screenshot service, not a replacement for Selenium tests that need browser interaction and assertions.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can I run unittest Selenium tests in a CI environment?
Yes. Run the same python -m unittest command in CI, using an environment where the required browser is available and Selenium can set up its driver. For remote browser sessions, configure a remote WebDriver or Grid endpoint.
Do I need to rewrite unittest tests to use pytest?
No. pytest can collect many unittest TestCase tests as they are. Check compatibility first if your suite depends on less-common unittest protocols such as load_tests.
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