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A risk check gates signing only if every route that can produce a signature requires a current approval for the exact transaction being signed. A deny, timeout, missing or malformed decision, stale approval, or policy-service failure must leave the signer untouched. Test that boundary directly: record signer calls, exercise failure and bypass paths, then verify an allowed request reaches the signer with precisely the approved payload.
Does the risk check actually block signing?
Look for a binding control-flow condition, not merely a risk-check message or a successful simulation. The signer must run only after an affirmative decision, and that decision must apply to the same transaction fields ultimately signed. If the check approves one recipient or amount but the payload changes before signing, the check is not gating that altered request.
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Map every signature-producing route in the application: wallet providers, typed-data APIs, transaction signers, session keys, relayers, wrappers, callbacks, retries, fallback handlers, and any dangerous or test-only methods reachable from agent tools. A protected primary path is insufficient if another reachable path can ask for a signature without the decision.
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1. Instrument the signer
In unit tests, replace the signer with a mock that records both the number of calls and the complete input. For each denial, policy error, missing response, timeout, malformed response, and stale decision, assert that the signer call count is zero and that the request returns a clear denial or error. Test errors in callbacks and retry handlers as well as the main path; an exception must not accidentally fall through to signing.
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2. Verify the allowed path and exact payload
Supply a valid allow decision and assert that the signer is called exactly once. Compare the signer input with the transaction or typed-data request that was approved. Depending on the signing method, verify all relevant fields, including chain, domain or verifying contract, action or primary type, sender, recipient, value, calldata, nonce, expiry, and policy context. A mismatch should invalidate the decision or require a fresh check.
3. Exercise direct and alternate routes
Try to reach each signer through agent tools, wrappers, callbacks, fallback logic, retries, and error handlers without passing through the risk check. Confirm that permissive configurations and no-policy escape methods cannot be invoked in production agent flows. The BNB Agent SDK security page specifically warns against production or agent-reachable calls to its permissive or dangerous no-policy methods; verify the version deployed in your application rather than assuming the documented behavior applies unchanged. BNB Agent SDK security documentation
4. Test substitution and replay
Approve a request, then change its recipient, amount, chain, contract, calldata, typed-data primary type, nonce, validity window, or policy hash before signing. Also try to reuse an older approval. The altered or replayed request must not be signed unless it is checked again and allowed. Include boundary tests just below, at, and above per-call or per-transaction limits and cumulative budgets, along with allowlisted and blocked domains, types, and contracts, and expired or revoked policies.
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5. Test integrations and the actual wallet boundary
A mock proves the tested code path obeys the rule; it does not prove production wiring cannot bypass it. Add an integration test using a local fork or test network, and assert the same invariants at the actual wallet boundary. Record a decision ID, policy version or hash, transaction hash or typed-data digest, whether the signer was invoked, and the final outcome. Use no real funds for negative tests.
Can an agent still sign after a denied risk decision?
It should not if the intended security property is “no unauthorized signature.” Treat denial, missing data, policy-service failure, expiry, and unhandled errors as fail-closed cases: do not call the signer. Make the expected result explicit in tests, rather than checking only that a denial was logged or displayed.
Do not treat simulation as the approval decision. Aave’s MCP documentation says its server prepares transactions but does not sign; the user’s wallet is the final signing boundary. It distinguishes errors, which mean stop rather than build or sign past them, from warnings that should be shown to the user. It also notes that a clean simulation does not establish that token allowances are satisfied. Aave MCP safety guidance
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Simulation can also omit authorization material needed later. OpenZeppelin’s Stellar smart-account documentation describes simulating to obtain authorization trees and nonces, then signing and submitting; it warns that delegated-signer authorization entries are not automatically included in simulation results and must be constructed manually in that case. Test the actual authorization payload and signer call, not just a successful simulation response. OpenZeppelin signers and verifiers documentation
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What should the policy decision bind to?
A useful decision is specific enough that it cannot be reused for a different action. Check the fields your signing system supports and requires; commonly these include chain, target or verifying contract, sender, value, calldata or typed-data fields, nonce, expiry, and the policy version or hash. The exact binding scheme depends on the implementation, so test the payload at the point the signature is requested.
ERC-8196 specifies policy fields such as allowed actions, allowed and blocked contracts, maximum transaction value, an optional daily limit, validity timestamps, and a minimum verification score. It also specifies action data containing a nonce, validity, and policy hash, and says implementations must check an agent’s ERC-8126 verification score before executing an agent action. These are specification requirements and useful test targets, not proof that any particular deployed wallet implements them correctly. ERC-8196
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ERC-8126 describes agent verification checks; its Ethereum Token Verification case calls for confirming contract deployment and checking for known vulnerability patterns, and specifies a risk-score range of 0 to 100. That range is specification content, not a universal measure of safety or a guarantee that an action is safe. ERC-8126
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Where can enforcement live, and what should you test?
Enforcement may sit in an SDK wrapper, at the wallet boundary, or in an on-chain smart account. These layers are not interchangeable: a wrapper can be bypassed if an alternate signer route exists, while on-chain enforcement can reject an execution even if an off-chain check was skipped. Compare implementations by where they enforce, what transaction fields the decision binds, how they fail, whether they cover every signer route, and whether logs let you correlate decisions with signer calls.
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ERC-8226 describes a regulated mandate as an additional authorization layer: an agent-initiated transfer requires both applicable token-level authorization and the mandate to pass. It discusses either a preliminary canExecute check or atomic enforcement through a reverting execution path. Where a check is external to the contract, test both the preliminary decision and the final enforced path. ERC-8226
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The BNB Agent SDK security documentation says EVMWalletProvider.sign_typed_data is policy-gated by default and describes a strict default for specified EIP-3009 transfer authorization types on default BSC mainnet and testnet domains, while denylisting EIP-2612 Permit and Permit2 Permit variants. It also describes a scoped X402Signer that checks expected recipient, sender, per-call value, and cumulative session budget; the expected recipient should come from a source independent of the payment challenge. These are documented claims about that SDK, not a substitute for testing the deployed version and its integration. BNB Agent SDK security documentation
What evidence demonstrates the gate works?
- On every denial, missing-data, timeout, malformed-response, expiry, revocation, and error case, the signer call count is zero.
- On an allowed case, the signer is called once with the exact checked request, and changing any bound field forces a new decision.
- Direct signer paths, wrappers, retries, fallbacks, and agent-reachable no-policy methods cannot bypass enforcement.
- Simulation, allowance failures, missing authorization entries, and relayer submission are tested as separate concerns; none silently overrides a denial.
- Integration records correlate the policy decision and version with the payload, signer invocation, and outcome.
AgentARC describes a pipeline that places intent analysis, policy validation, transaction simulation, and threat analysis before wallet execution. That project description is not independent evidence that its checks resist bypasses or achieve a measured security result; the boundary tests above are still needed. AgentARC repository
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