A data-breach notice means your information may have been exposed; it does not prove that anyone has used it. Treat it as a reason to watch for unfamiliar activity, secure affected accounts and act promptly if you find signs of fraud. If you confirm identity theft, IdentityTheft.gov can create an FTC Identity Theft Report and a recovery plan.
What counts as a warning sign?
The FTC lists a breach notice among clues to take seriously, alongside signs that may indicate someone is already using your information. Watch for activity you cannot explain, including:
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- Withdrawals from a bank account that you did not make, or checks refused by merchants.
- Bills or other expected mail that stop arriving.
- Debt-collection calls about debts you do not recognize.
- Accounts or charges on a credit report that you did not open or make.
- Medical bills for care you did not receive, or a health-plan denial tied to unfamiliar use or inaccurate records.
- An IRS notice about multiple tax returns filed in your name or income from an employer you do not know.
Identity thieves may use stolen information to open accounts, make purchases, obtain utility service, misuse health insurance, claim a tax refund or impersonate someone in an arrest. A notice that a company you use suffered a breach is a reason to check for these signs, not proof that any of them have happened.
Keep the breach notice and contact the affected organization through an official channel you locate independently. Be cautious with unsolicited calls, texts or emails that use the breach as a pretext to ask for passwords, payment or sensitive information. The FTC guidance cited here lists warning signs and response steps but does not establish a specific method for authenticating breach notices.
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What should you do first if you spot suspicious activity?
- Contact the institution involved. Call the business, bank, provider or other institution where the activity occurred and ask for its fraud department. Identify what is not yours and ask whether it can close or freeze the affected account.
- Secure affected logins. Change passwords, logins and PINs for the affected accounts. If you reused those credentials elsewhere, change them on those accounts too.
- Check related activity. Review relevant bank, card, utility, medical and other account records for additional unfamiliar transactions or changes.
- Check your credit reports. Look for unfamiliar accounts or transactions. The FTC says reports are available weekly for free at AnnualCreditReport.com.
- Keep a dated record. Note whom you contacted, when, what they said and what you sent. Save letters, dispute submissions and confirmations.
How do you report confirmed identity theft?
Report identity theft at IdentityTheft.gov or call the FTC’s identity-theft line. The site uses the details you submit to prepare an FTC Identity Theft Report and a recovery plan tailored to your situation. Save or print both, then follow the plan’s steps.
Filing with the FTC documents the report and helps inform law-enforcement and trend analysis; it does not itself cancel an account, reimburse a loss or resolve an individual case. You still need to contact the affected business and follow its process.
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If someone opened a new account in your name
Contact the company’s fraud department, ask it to close the account and request written confirmation that the account is not yours and that you are not liable. If you need to document the fraud, you can ask the business for records related to the identity theft, such as the account application.
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If fraudulent information appears on your credit report
You can dispute inaccurate information with the credit bureau. To ask a bureau to block information resulting from identity theft, FTC guidance says to provide an FTC Identity Theft Report, proof of identity and a letter identifying the fraudulent information.
When a police report may help
A police report may be useful in some cases, but it is not a universal prerequisite for reporting to the FTC. If you choose to file one, the FTC’s recovery instructions describe identification and supporting documents to bring; ask for a copy of the report.
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Should you place a fraud alert or a credit freeze?
Both are free under FTC guidance, but they work differently. An alert asks potential creditors to take steps to verify your identity before issuing credit. A freeze restricts access to your credit report, which can make it harder for someone to open a new credit account. Neither reverses fraudulent activity that has already occurred.
| Protection | What it does | Duration and where to request it |
|---|---|---|
| Initial fraud alert | Asks businesses to verify your identity before issuing new credit. | Lasts one year. Contact one of the three nationwide credit bureaus; that bureau must notify the other two. Free. |
| Extended fraud alert | Requires potential creditors to contact you before issuing credit. Available to identity-theft victims. | Lasts seven years. Request it from a bureau and provide your FTC Identity Theft Report. Free. |
| Credit freeze | Restricts access to your credit report, making it harder for someone to open a new account. | Stays in place until you lift or remove it. Request it separately from each of the three bureaus. Free to place and remove. |
Choose based on the protection you want and the setup involved: an alert adds an identity-verification step for creditors, while a freeze restricts access to the report. An initial alert requires contacting one bureau; a freeze requires contacting all three. If you are an identity-theft victim and want an extended alert, you will need an FTC Identity Theft Report.
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What to do in tax, child or medical identity-theft cases
Tax identity theft
Follow the instructions in any IRS notice you receive. The FTC directs victims to submit IRS Form 14039 when applicable and to keep filing a tax return and paying taxes owed. Use the current IRS instructions for your particular notice and circumstances.
Child identity theft
Contact the company where an account was opened, explain that the person is a minor and request closure and written confirmation. A parent or guardian can ask each credit bureau to conduct a manual search for the child’s credit report and request a freeze if a report exists.
Medical identity theft
Review records in relevant health-provider portals. If you find services or diagnoses that are not yours, write to the provider to request a correction and notify your insurer.
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If someone used your information for an SBA Paycheck Protection Program loan or COVID-19 Economic Injury Disaster Loan, follow the current procedure linked from the FTC’s identity-theft guidance rather than relying on older contact details copied into other pages.
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