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The Docker and Nginx model
An Nginx server block combines a listening socket, one or more hostnames, and routing rules. When a request arrives, Nginx selects the block whose server_name matches the HTTP Host header, then the matching location decides what happens next. With a reverse proxy, Nginx sends a new request to an upstream application, receives its response, and returns that response to the client.
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Docker adds one essential requirement: the proxy and the upstream container must share a Docker network. Docker’s internal DNS registers each Compose service name on that network, so Nginx can use web rather than a changing container IP. The name in proxy_pass must be the Compose service name (or an explicitly configured network alias), not the host name of the machine running Docker.
Publish ports on Nginx only when possible. A backend’s 8080 port can remain reachable from the shared network through expose without being bound to a host port. This reduces the number of public entry points and makes the server block the single place where host-based routing is enforced.
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Choose the network layout first
One Compose project
When Nginx and the application are declared in the same Compose file, Compose creates a project network automatically. Put both services on that network and Docker DNS will resolve the application by its service name.
Separate Compose projects
If the proxy and applications are managed by different Compose projects, create a shared external network once and attach services from both projects to it. Without this explicit attachment, each project receives a separate default network and a name such as web will not resolve from the proxy.
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networks:
edge:
external: true
name: edgeUse the same external network name in both projects. The project that owns the network lifecycle should be documented, because docker compose down in a project should not accidentally remove a network still needed by other projects.
Build a minimal Compose stack
This example puts Nginx and the application on a bridge network. Nginx publishes ports 80 and 443 to the host; the application exposes port 8080 only to peers on edge.
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services:
nginx:
image: nginx:stable
ports:
- "80:80"
- "443:443"
volumes:
- ./nginx/conf.d:/etc/nginx/conf.d:ro
depends_on:
- web
networks:
- edge
web:
image: your-app-image
expose:
- "8080"
networks:
- edge
networks:
edge:
driver: bridgeWhat each setting does
portson Nginx: binds host ports to the proxy container, making those listeners reachable from outside Docker.exposeonweb: documents and makes the internal application port available to network peers without publishing it on the host.networks: places both containers in the same DNS and routing domain.volumes: mounts your server-block files read-only into the directory included by the official Nginx image.depends_on: expresses startup order. It does not prove that the application is ready to accept requests; readiness still has to be tested or represented with an appropriate health-check strategy.
The application must listen on an address reachable from the network, normally its container-wide interface, rather than only on 127.0.0.1. A process bound only to loopback is reachable from itself but not from Nginx in another container.
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Create a file such as ./nginx/conf.d/example.conf. The mounted directory is loaded as part of the standard Nginx configuration.
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_pass http://web:8080;
}
}Why these directives matter
listen 80: accepts HTTP traffic on the container’s port 80. The host-to-container mapping in Compose determines which host port reaches it.server_name: lists the DNS names that should select this block. Include every intended alias explicitly.proxy_pass http://web:8080: targets the Compose service name and its internal listening port. Do not replacewebwith a container IP; recreated containers can receive different addresses.Host: preserves the requested hostname for frameworks that use it for routing, redirects, tenant selection, or URL generation.X-Real-IPandX-Forwarded-For: carry the connecting client address and the proxy chain. Applications should trust these headers only from proxies they control.X-Forwarded-Proto: tells the application whether the client-to-proxy request used HTTP or HTTPS, which prevents incorrect secure redirects when TLS terminates at Nginx.
The URI behavior of proxy_pass depends on whether a URI path is included in the directive. Keep the simple form above when the application should receive the same path that the client requested. If you intentionally add a path component, test the resulting path carefully because Nginx’s location and replacement rules then affect what the upstream receives.
Run, validate, and reload safely
- Save the Compose file and the server-block file, then start the services with
docker compose up -d. - Check container state and published listeners with
docker compose ps. Confirm that Nginx is the service bound to the host’s public HTTP and HTTPS ports. - Before applying a configuration edit, run
docker compose exec nginx nginx -t. A successful test reports valid syntax and a successful configuration test; do not reload after a failed test. - Apply a valid edit with
docker compose exec nginx nginx -s reload. Restart the service instead if the container image or mounted configuration requires a full restart. - Watch the proxy log while making a request:
docker compose logs -f nginx. Inspect the application logs at the same time when a response is an upstream error.
A reload keeps the container running while replacing worker processes with the validated configuration. If a newly created backend has a new address and Nginx is still using an old resolution, reloading Nginx after the backend is attached and healthy refreshes the configuration context.
Verify DNS and the backend from inside Nginx
Testing from the host can hide Docker-specific failures. First verify network membership:
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docker network inspect edgeLook for both the Nginx and application containers in the network’s container list. In a project-created network, substitute the actual network name shown by docker network ls.
Next, execute a DNS lookup from the proxy container:
docker compose exec nginx getent hosts webThe command should return an address for the web service. If the image does not include getent, use an equivalent resolver utility available in that image or run a temporary diagnostic container attached to the same network.
Finally request the internal port without going through the public listener:
docker compose exec nginx wget -S -O - http://web:8080/Use an HTTP client available in the image; the purpose is to test the path Nginx itself uses. A successful response here separates an Nginx routing problem from an application or network problem. You can then test host-based selection from a client that resolves the public DNS name to the Docker host, for example with an HTTP request carrying the intended Host header.
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Add more sites without mixing their routes
For a second application, create another file with its own hostname and service target:
server {
listen 80;
server_name api.example.com;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_pass http://api:9000;
}
}Both api and web must be service names resolvable on the network attached to Nginx. Keeping one hostname per server-block file makes ownership and change review clearer, but the files are all evaluated together when Nginx loads the directory.
When the wrong site answers
Nginx chooses a default server when no server_name matches the request. Check the exact Host header sent by the client, including whether the request is reaching the expected listener. A typo, a missing alias, or a request sent by IP address can select the default block instead of the intended site. Make sure there is no older configuration file in the mounted directory claiming the same name.
Handle HTTPS and connection-specific protocols
Decide where TLS terminates
In the common edge-proxy design, Nginx terminates TLS and forwards HTTP over the private Docker network. The application then relies on X-Forwarded-Proto and its trusted-proxy settings to recognize the original HTTPS request. A design that keeps TLS end-to-end instead gives Nginx an HTTPS upstream and requires certificate and trust configuration on both sides. Choose one deliberately; mixing assumptions causes redirect loops or certificate errors.
Certificate issuance and renewal can be performed by a separate process or by an automated proxy configuration system. Whichever method you choose, the operational requirement is the same: place renewed certificate paths where Nginx can read them, run nginx -t, and reload after a successful test. The architecture comparison below helps decide whether those steps remain hand-maintained or are generated.
WebSockets and streaming
WebSockets require the HTTP/1.1 upgrade exchange to reach the upstream. Add the upgrade headers required by the application and review buffering and timeout behavior for long-lived or streaming responses. A normal page request can succeed while a WebSocket fails if those connection-specific headers are omitted, so test the actual protocol used by the application rather than relying only on a homepage request.
Diagnose the common errors
host not found in upstream
- Confirm that
proxy_passuses the exact Compose service name, including spelling and punctuation. - Verify that Nginx and the backend are attached to the same network with
docker network inspect. - In a multi-project setup, confirm both projects reference the same external network name.
- Run a name lookup from inside the Nginx container. If the service was attached after Nginx started, reload or restart Nginx once network membership is correct.
connection refused
- Check the application’s actual internal listening port. The port in
proxy_passis not automatically the same as a host-published port. - Confirm that the process listens on the container network interface, not only on loopback.
- Test
http://service-name:internal-port/from inside Nginx to remove public DNS and host port mappings from the equation. - Inspect application logs for a process that started and then exited, or for a listener bound to a different address.
502 Bad Gateway
A 502 means the proxy could not turn the upstream exchange into a usable response. The application may have closed or reset the connection, crashed while handling it, returned malformed data, or been unreachable after DNS resolved. Correlate the Nginx error log with the backend log and repeat the internal request from the proxy container.
The request reaches the wrong application
Inspect the Host header and all loaded server blocks. Ensure the requested name is listed in exactly the block intended to handle it, and check which block is the default for unmatched names. A DNS record pointing at the wrong host can produce the same symptom even when Nginx configuration is correct.
Only WebSockets or streaming responses fail
Check the upgrade headers, HTTP version, buffering, and timeout settings for that location. Test an ordinary HTTP request and the long-lived protocol separately; they exercise different parts of the proxy path.
Compare deployment architectures
| Design choice | Hand-written server blocks | Generated proxy configuration |
|---|---|---|
| Routing control | Every hostname, location, header, and upstream is explicit and easy to audit. | Container metadata is translated into Nginx configuration by an automation project. |
| TLS termination | You choose the listener, certificates, and renewal procedure directly. | The automation may coordinate certificates and reloads, but its conventions become part of the deployment. |
| Network requirement | Nginx and every target still need a shared Docker network. | A generator does not remove Docker’s network and DNS requirement. |
| Multiple Compose projects | Use a pre-created external network and explicit attachments. | Use the generator’s documented network arrangement; separate projects still cannot communicate without shared connectivity. |
| Change and reload behavior | Validate with nginx -t, then reload on a controlled schedule. |
Container state can trigger generated configuration and reloads, reducing manual work but adding another component to monitor. |
| Best fit | Teams that value predictable files, code review, and precise exceptions. | Environments where services are frequently added or removed and automatic discovery outweighs hand-editing. |
An automated project such as nginx-proxy can generate and reload configuration from Docker state, but it still depends on the proxy and backends sharing a Docker network. Automation changes who writes the server blocks; it does not change how Docker DNS or Nginx upstream connections work.
Operational checks before exposing a site
- Confirm that only the intended Nginx ports are published to the host; remove unnecessary backend port mappings.
- Use a read-only mount for configuration when the container does not need to edit it.
- Keep service names stable and use them in
proxy_pass; never build a configuration around an ephemeral container IP. - Document every hostname, its backend service, internal port, TLS termination point, and owning Compose project.
- Include a syntax test and a network-level connectivity test in deployment checks.
- Watch both proxy and application logs during rollout so a 502 is not mistaken for a DNS or server-block selection issue.
- After changing network attachments, backend ports, or server names, reload only after
nginx -tsucceeds.
With this arrangement, public traffic enters through Nginx, Docker’s internal DNS resolves each service name on the shared network, and each server block provides an auditable hostname-to-application route. Failures can then be isolated systematically: configuration syntax, network membership, name resolution, internal listening port, application health, or protocol-specific proxy settings.
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