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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteRun Traefik as the public-facing container, attach it and every application replica to one private Docker network, and let Docker labels define the routing service. Traefik listens on ports 80 and 443, matches the requested hostname or path, terminates TLS, sends traffic to the replicas, and removes backends that fail an HTTP readiness check. This guide shows a production-minded Docker Compose layout, HTTPS with ACME, health checks, scaling, verification, security controls, and the limits of a single VPS.
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How the request path works
Traefik separates edge networking into five functions. Providers discover infrastructure; entrypoints accept connections; routers inspect requests; services forward requests and load-balance them; middlewares alter requests or enforce policy. With the Docker provider, container labels become the dynamic configuration for routers and services.
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| Component | What it does in this setup |
|---|---|
| Docker provider | Watches Docker and reads labels from containers that you explicitly expose. |
web entrypoint |
Listens on TCP port 80 for HTTP and, when configured, redirects it to HTTPS. |
websecure entrypoint |
Listens on TCP port 443 and handles encrypted requests. |
| Router | Matches a rule such as Host(`app.example.com`), chooses an entrypoint, and applies TLS or middleware settings. |
| Service | Contains the discovered backend servers and forwards requests to their private container port. |
| Middleware | Performs actions such as HTTP-to-HTTPS redirection, authentication, header changes, or rate controls. |
The public client only needs to reach Traefik. Application containers stay on a user-defined Docker network and do not need published host ports. This keeps the attack surface small and lets Traefik address replicas by their container-network addresses.
Prerequisites on the VPS
Install the container runtime
Install Docker Engine and the Docker Compose plugin using the packages appropriate for your VPS operating system. Confirm both are available before creating the stack:
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docker compose versionUse a non-root administrative account where practical, grant it the permissions needed to run Docker, and apply operating-system security updates before exposing the host.
Point DNS and open only the edge ports
Create an A record for the application hostname, such as app.example.com, pointing to the VPS public IPv4 address. Add an AAAA record only when the VPS has working IPv6 routing and firewall rules. Allow inbound TCP 80 and 443 in both the VPS firewall and the infrastructure provider’s firewall. SSH should be restricted to your administration policy rather than opened broadly.
Choose a real readiness endpoint
Your application should expose a path such as /ready that returns success only when it can serve requests and has required dependencies available. A process can remain alive while its database connection, migrations, or downstream service is unusable; checking only whether a process exists would leave that replica in rotation.
Plan the network before starting containers
Create one user-defined network for Traefik and all replicas. Do not publish the backend port with a Compose ports: mapping unless a specific operational requirement makes that unavoidable. Traefik’s Docker network connection is the intended path to the application.
Create the Traefik Compose stack
Make a project directory and an ACME storage file on durable VPS storage:
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mkdir -p ~/traefik-stack/letsencrypt
cd ~/traefik-stack
touch letsencrypt/acme.json
chmod 600 letsencrypt/acme.jsonThe following Compose file is a complete pattern. Replace the example image, hostname, email address, and internal application port with values for your service. The application image is deliberately shown as an example; use the image and port your application actually exposes.
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traefik:
image: traefik:v3
restart: unless-stopped
command:
- --providers.docker=true
- --providers.docker.exposedbydefault=false
- --entrypoints.web.address=:80
- --entrypoints.websecure.address=:443
- [email protected]
- --certificatesresolvers.letsencrypt.acme.storage=/letsencrypt/acme.json
- --certificatesresolvers.letsencrypt.acme.httpchallenge.entrypoint=web
ports:
- "80:80"
- "443:443"
volumes:
- /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock:ro
- ./letsencrypt:/letsencrypt
networks:
- edge
app:
image: registry.example.com/team/app:1.2.3
restart: unless-stopped
expose:
- "8080"
networks:
- edge
labels:
- traefik.enable=true
- traefik.http.routers.app-http.rule=Host(`app.example.com`)
- traefik.http.routers.app-http.entrypoints=web
- traefik.http.routers.app-http.middlewares=redirect-https
- traefik.http.middlewares.redirect-https.redirectscheme.scheme=https
- traefik.http.routers.app.rule=Host(`app.example.com`)
- traefik.http.routers.app.entrypoints=websecure
- traefik.http.routers.app.tls=true
- traefik.http.routers.app.tls.certresolver=letsencrypt
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.server.port=8080
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.path=/ready
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.port=8080
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.scheme=http
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.timeout=3s
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.interval=10s
networks:
edge:
driver: bridgeexposedByDefault=false is an important boundary: a container is not published merely because it is attached to Docker. The explicit traefik.enable=true label opts in the application. The service port label tells Traefik to use the container’s port 8080; it is not the host port and does not make that port public.
Pin a specific Traefik image version that you have tested in production instead of relying indefinitely on a floating tag. Review the current Traefik v3 rule syntax when adapting older examples; legacy rule-syntax options are deprecated.
Start the stack and verify the baseline
- Validate interpolation and YAML before creating containers:
docker compose config - Start Traefik and one application container:
docker compose up -d - Check container state and logs:
docker compose ps docker compose logs traefik - Confirm both services are attached to the same network:
docker network inspect traefik-stack_edge - Verify the application responds directly from inside the network before troubleshooting routing. A temporary diagnostic container on the network can request
http://app:8080/ready; remove that diagnostic container afterward.
Do not proceed to production traffic until each replica answers its readiness path and the Traefik log shows that the Docker provider has loaded the intended router and service.
Run multiple backend replicas
Scale the Compose service without assigning it a fixed container_name. A fixed name prevents Compose from creating multiple instances and therefore prevents Traefik from discovering a set of servers for that service.
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docker compose up -d --scale app=3Compose creates three containers for the logical app service. Traefik sees those containers through the Docker provider and builds one logical service with multiple backend servers. Requests that match the router can then be distributed among the healthy instances.
Before changing DNS or opening the application to users, test every instance’s startup configuration, database migrations, secret loading, and readiness response. Scaling a misconfigured image only creates several copies of the same failure.
Test hostname routing
Once DNS resolves to the VPS, request the hostname rather than the server IP:
curl -I http://app.example.com
curl -I https://app.example.comThe first request should follow the HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect. The second should complete TLS and reach the application router. If DNS has not propagated yet, use a local hosts-file entry or a request that supplies the Host header while targeting the VPS address; do not treat that temporary method as a production configuration.
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The Compose example uses an ACME resolver named letsencrypt and the HTTP-01 challenge. The certificate authority must be able to reach the hostname on port 80, so the DNS record and firewall need to be correct before the first request. The secure router attaches the resolver with tls.certresolver=letsencrypt; Traefik then obtains and renews the certificate for the matching hostname.
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The HTTP router and redirect-https middleware make port 80 useful for the ACME challenge while redirecting ordinary browser traffic to port 443. If you use a different ACME challenge, configure that challenge explicitly and satisfy its network requirements instead of leaving an HTTP challenge setting in place.
Protect ACME state
- Keep
acme.jsonon persistent storage so a container replacement does not discard the certificate account and issued certificates. - Keep its permissions restrictive; the example uses mode 600.
- Back up the file securely. Repeatedly losing it can trigger unnecessary certificate reissuance and may run into certificate-authority limits.
- Never publish the ACME file through the web server or commit it to source control.
Use a real mailbox for the ACME email setting and test renewal in a controlled environment before making a major deployment change. Certificate issuance is dependent on the certificate authority and public DNS, so a correctly written label cannot compensate for a blocked port or incorrect record.
Use active health checks to remove bad replicas
The health-check labels configure Traefik to make HTTP requests to each backend. In the example, Traefik checks http://<replica>:8080/ready at the stated interval and gives up after the stated timeout. A failed check removes that server from the eligible set; when the endpoint becomes healthy again, Traefik can return it to service.
The Docker-provider health-check configuration supports the method, expected status, port, scheme, timeout, redirect behavior, and path-related options. Set the method and expected status to match your application rather than copying defaults blindly. If TLS is required between Traefik and the backend, use the appropriate HTTPS scheme and certificate arrangement.
Designing a useful readiness check
- Return failure while a required database migration or dependency initialization is incomplete.
- Keep the handler fast and deterministic; it should not perform an expensive full business transaction on every probe.
- Do not expose sensitive diagnostic data in the response.
- Separate readiness from liveness when your application framework supports both. A restart decision and a routing decision are different questions.
Health checks are not a substitute for application monitoring. Record response errors, saturation, and dependency failures separately so you can investigate why a replica became ineligible.
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For ordinary HTTP requests, a service can distribute traffic across its discovered servers using a round-robin approach. That is appropriate when replicas are equivalent and requests do not depend on local in-memory state. If a session is stored only in one process, use shared session storage, stateless tokens, or an explicitly designed affinity strategy; simply adding replicas does not make local session data portable.
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Traefik also supports weighted and more advanced service arrangements. Those are useful for canary releases, blue-green transitions, or unequal capacity, but they require a deliberate dynamic configuration rather than assuming that adding containers will create weights. Layer 7 routing can select by hostname, path, headers, or other request properties; Layer 4 routing is a different model for traffic that is not HTTP-aware.
| Decision | Use this when | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Round-robin servers | Replicas have comparable capacity and the application is stateless or uses shared state. | Simple, but it does not account for different server sizes or deployment phases. |
| Weighted services | You need a controlled canary or gradual migration. | More configuration and monitoring are required to avoid sending traffic to an unready version. |
| Active health checks | You want failed readiness endpoints removed before users receive requests. | Probe settings must reflect real readiness and can add a small amount of internal traffic. |
| Passive failure handling | You need reaction to observed request failures in addition to probes. | A user request may encounter the failure before the backend is marked unusable. |
Keep the edge secure
- Mount the Docker socket read-only, as shown. A read-only mount limits write operations but still exposes powerful metadata, so use a Docker socket proxy when your operating model requires stronger isolation.
- Never expose the Traefik dashboard to the public internet without authentication, network restrictions, and a deliberate access policy. A dashboard is an administrative surface, not an application endpoint.
- Publish only ports 80 and 443 from the Traefik container. Keep application containers on the private network and use
exposeor no port declaration rather than host mappings. - Use least-privilege host accounts, firewall rules, automatic security updates, and protected secrets. Do not place credentials in labels, which are visible through Docker metadata.
- Pin and review image versions, monitor image changes, and rehearse rollback of both the application and Traefik configuration.
- Use HTTPS for every public router. Add security headers, authentication, rate controls, or request-size limits through reviewed middlewares when the application needs them.
Understand the single-VPS failure boundary
Three application replicas improve resilience to an individual container failure, but they do not make the edge highly available. One VPS still represents one failure domain: a host outage, provider network incident, kernel problem, or Traefik process failure can take every replica and the public entrypoint offline. Official ACME guidance describes a single Traefik instance as a possible single point of failure.
For higher availability, place edge proxies and application capacity in separate failure domains, provide a way to direct DNS or an upstream load balancer to more than one edge, and design certificate storage and deployment automation for that topology. Do not claim high availability merely because Compose reports multiple containers on one machine.
Labels or a file provider?
Docker labels are convenient when the application lifecycle and routing lifecycle are the same. A file provider is often easier when platform engineers need one centrally reviewed routing configuration or when backends are outside Docker.
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|---|---|---|
| Docker labels | Configuration travels with the service; scaling and discovery are automatic; no separate service registry is needed. | Long labels are harder to review, and application deployment permissions can affect edge routing. |
| File provider | Routing can be versioned, reviewed, and shared across non-Docker backends; complex weighted services are clearer. | You must manage file reloads, backend addresses, and configuration drift separately from container deployment. |
Whichever provider you choose, keep the static settings (entrypoints, provider enablement, and certificate resolver) separate from dynamic routing rules and validate changes before applying them.
Troubleshoot by symptom
| Symptom | Likely cause | Checks and correction |
|---|---|---|
| Connection refused on port 80 or 443 | Traefik is stopped, ports are blocked, or another process owns the host port. | Run docker compose ps, inspect Traefik logs, check host listeners, and verify both firewalls. |
| 404 from Traefik | No router rule matches the request. | Confirm the DNS hostname and exact Host rule, entrypoint name, and container label spelling. |
| 502 or 504 from Traefik | The internal port, network, or application listener is wrong, or the backend is failing. | Confirm the loadbalancer.server.port, network membership, application bind address, and direct readiness response. |
| Certificate is not issued | DNS is incorrect, port 80 is blocked, the resolver is misnamed, or ACME storage is not writable. | Check public DNS, firewall rules, resolver labels, file ownership and mode, then read the Traefik ACME log entries. |
| One replica receives no traffic | Its readiness check fails or the container is not discovered. | Inspect the endpoint from the Docker network, verify labels and network attachment, and check provider events in the Traefik log. |
| HTTP does not redirect | The HTTP router or redirect middleware is absent, misspelled, or attached to the wrong entrypoint. | Verify the app-http router, its web entrypoint, and the middleware reference. |
| Scaling creates only one container | A fixed container_name or another Compose constraint prevents replicas. |
Remove container_name, recreate the service, and run the scale command again. |
Production verification checklist
- DNS for every routed hostname resolves to the intended public edge address.
- Provider and firewall rules allow TCP 80 and 443, while backend ports remain private.
providers.docker.exposedbydefault=falseis enabled and only intended services carrytraefik.enable=true.- The router rule, entrypoint, TLS setting, resolver name, and internal service port match the application.
- HTTP redirects to HTTPS, the certificate covers the hostname, and renewal state survives a container recreation.
- Every replica returns a meaningful readiness response before receiving traffic.
- Stopping one replica removes it from rotation and starting it again restores it after readiness succeeds.
- Logs and metrics are collected for Traefik, application errors, health-check failures, certificate events, and host resources.
- The dashboard and Docker socket are protected, image versions are pinned, and a rollback procedure has been tested.
- The team understands that this remains a single-edge deployment unless traffic can fail over to another VPS or edge.
What a successful deployment looks like
A browser reaches the VPS on 443, the websecure router matches app.example.com, Traefik presents the ACME-managed certificate, and the service forwards the request over the private Docker network to one healthy application replica. HTTP requests arrive on port 80 only long enough for the redirect or ACME challenge. If a replica’s readiness endpoint fails, Traefik stops selecting it; when it recovers, it becomes eligible again. That arrangement provides practical container-level load balancing while keeping the limitations of one VPS visible.
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