The Tool Desk
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What the two-VPS design actually does
There are two separate availability problems to solve:
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- Application availability: the proxy must stop sending requests to an application server that is down or returning unusable responses.
Use two redundant proxy nodes, VPS A and VPS B. Install HAProxy on both. Each HAProxy instance has the same frontend and backend definitions and can send traffic to the same pool of application servers. Keepalived runs on both proxy nodes and advertises a shared virtual IP (VIP). One node owns the VIP at a time; the other is ready to claim it.
When the active node fails, loses VRRP heartbeats, or fails a configured health script, its priority drops. The standby then claims the VIP and accepts new connections. HAProxy health checks independently remove failed application backends and add them back only after they pass the configured recovery threshold. This means proxy failover and backend failover are related but not identical events.
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Choose the traffic-distribution model first
| Model | How clients reach you | Advantages | Costs and limits |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active/standby with VRRP | One shared VIP moves between the two proxies | Simple operating model, stable client address, fast local handoff when the network supports a movable IP | Requires provider support for a floating address or for VRRP on the relevant network; the standby normally carries no client traffic |
| Active/active proxies | Traffic is distributed to both nodes through DNS, separate VIPs, or another distribution layer | Uses both VPS instances and can provide more normal-operation capacity | More complex distribution and monitoring; each node must be able to carry the workload if the other is lost |
| DNS failover | Health-checked DNS returns the address of a healthy proxy | Works when the two VPS instances are in separate networks or a provider cannot move an IP | Recursive resolvers and clients may cache the old answer until its expiry, so convergence is slower and less predictable than moving a VIP |
For two ordinary VPS servers, active/standby with a provider-supported floating IP is usually the least complicated design. Do not assume that a public VPS network behaves like a private Ethernet segment: Keepalived’s reference setup assumes two hosts on the same LAN, while arbitrary public VPS networks may block or ignore the VRRP traffic and address ownership behavior it needs.
Prerequisites and network checks
Confirm the provider’s failover mechanism
Before installing software, ask whether the provider offers a movable or floating service IP and how it is attached to another instance. Some providers expose an API operation rather than permitting customer-managed VRRP. If neither a floating-IP mechanism nor the required VRRP traffic is available, plan DNS failover instead.
Inventory addresses and roles
- Record the management address of VPS A and VPS B.
- Reserve the service IP (the VIP) if your provider supports one.
- List every application backend address and port.
- Decide whether TLS terminates at HAProxy or is passed through as TCP.
- Choose an application health endpoint for Layer 7 checks, such as an endpoint that verifies the service can answer a real request.
Make the two nodes equivalent
Both VPS instances should run Linux and the same major versions of HAProxy and Keepalived. Keep the HAProxy configuration, certificates and private keys, firewall rules, and health-check scripts synchronized. Configuration drift is a common form of silent single-node failure: a standby that has not received a new certificate or backend definition may claim the VIP successfully but still serve the wrong behavior.
Plan state outside the proxy
HAProxy does not replicate application state. Use a shared or replicated database, external session storage, or another application-level state strategy. Make requests idempotent where possible. If the application truly requires a user to stay on one backend, use deliberate session affinity and understand that affinity does not survive every failure scenario. A proxy handoff can preserve the service IP while still breaking in-flight connections and any state held only in the failed node.
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Install and synchronize the software
- Install HAProxy and Keepalived from your Linux distribution’s supported packages or your organization’s standard repository on both VPS instances.
- Pin both nodes to the same major release lines and record the versions. Test upgrades on the standby first, then switch roles and upgrade the former active node.
- Place identical HAProxy frontend and backend definitions on both nodes. Keep certificates, key permissions, firewall policy, and health scripts identical as well.
- Store configuration in version control or another auditable synchronization system. After every change, validate the configuration on each node before reloading either one.
The exact package command depends on the Linux distribution. The important operational requirement is parity: a failover node is useful only when it has the same listeners, certificates, routes, checks, and security rules as the preferred node.
Configure HAProxy to balance healthy backends
Define the frontend
Create a frontend for each protocol you serve. An HTTP or HTTPS frontend can inspect requests at Layer 7; a TCP frontend is appropriate when HAProxy must pass an opaque protocol through without interpreting it. Bind the frontend to the service ports on the local node. When TLS terminates at HAProxy, install the certificate bundle on both nodes and keep renewal synchronized.
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Define every backend with an explicit check
Each backend server should have an explicit health check. HAProxy documentation describes active checks that connect to a server or send an HTTP request at regular intervals. A TCP check proves that the target accepts connections on the configured port. An HTTP check can call an application endpoint and therefore provides a stronger signal of user-visible health.
backend app_pool
mode http
balance roundrobin
option httpchk GET /health
server app_a {{BACKEND_A_ADDRESS}}:{{BACKEND_PORT}} check
server app_b {{BACKEND_B_ADDRESS}}:{{BACKEND_PORT}} checkThe example uses template variables so you can insert your own addresses and port. If the service is not HTTP, use the appropriate TCP mode and a TCP check instead of an HTTP request. Do not point an HTTP check at an endpoint that always returns success while the application is unable to reach its database or other critical dependency; the check should represent the failure you want HAProxy to detect.
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Set failure and recovery thresholds deliberately
Use fall to require consecutive failed checks before removing a server, and rise to require consecutive successful checks before returning it to rotation. HAProxy’s example uses a two-second default health-check interval and shows rise 5. Treat those as reference behavior, not universal values: shorter intervals can detect failure sooner but create more probe traffic and make transient faults more visible; higher thresholds reduce flapping but delay removal or recovery.
server app_a {{BACKEND_A_ADDRESS}}:{{BACKEND_PORT}} check fall {{FAIL_COUNT}} rise {{RECOVERY_COUNT}}Document why you selected each threshold. Base the decision on the application’s recovery time, the cost of a false positive, and how quickly clients need a replacement backend. HAProxy keeps failed servers out of the load-balancing rotation and restores them only after the configured successes.
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Reload safely
Validate the HAProxy configuration on each node, reload the standby first, and verify that it can establish checks to every expected backend. Then reload the active node. Keep the previous configuration available so a failed reload can be reverted without taking down both proxies.
Configure Keepalived and the shared service IP
Build the VRRP instance
Configure a vrrp_instance on each node with the same shared virtual IP, the correct network interface, and a unique router_id per node. Give the preferred node a higher priority and the standby a lower priority. The node with the higher effective priority owns the VIP while both are healthy.
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vrrp_instance {{INSTANCE_NAME}} {
state {{INITIAL_STATE}}
interface {{NETWORK_INTERFACE}}
virtual_router_id {{VRID}}
priority {{NODE_PRIORITY}}
virtual_ipaddress {
{{SERVICE_VIRTUAL_IP}}
}
track_script {
{{HEALTH_SCRIPT_NAME}}
}
}Use the same VRID and VIP on both nodes, but different priorities and unique router identifiers. The exact interface name and address notation vary by Linux distribution and provider network.
Track the service, not merely the process
Add a vrrp_script that checks HAProxy and, where appropriate, the local application path. A process-only check can report success while HAProxy is listening on the wrong address or cannot reach any usable backend. When the script fails, Keepalived lowers the node’s effective priority so the standby can claim the VIP. VRRP can therefore react to failed health checks as well as lost heartbeats.
vrrp_script {{HEALTH_SCRIPT_NAME}} {
script "{{CHECK_COMMAND}}"
interval {{CHECK_INTERVAL_SECONDS}}
fall {{SCRIPT_FAIL_COUNT}}
rise {{SCRIPT_RECOVERY_COUNT}}
weight {{PRIORITY_ADJUSTMENT}}
}Ensure the script is executable, has a bounded runtime, and exits nonzero for a genuinely unusable proxy path. Test it independently before enabling it in Keepalived. Keepalived documentation describes its role as providing frameworks for both load balancing and high availability; in this design, HAProxy handles backend rotation while Keepalived handles ownership of the client-facing address.
Open only the traffic you need
Permit client traffic to the service ports on the VIP, management access only from trusted networks, and the provider-approved VRRP or control-plane traffic between the two nodes. If your provider uses an API to move the floating IP, grant the narrowly scoped credentials required by that mechanism and protect them as production secrets.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Point DNS, TLS, and firewalls at the right address
For a movable VIP, create the public DNS record for that address and use the same service IP in firewall and monitoring rules. Clients continue using one name and one address while ownership moves between proxies. Install the same certificate and complete chain on both nodes; otherwise, a successful failover can become a certificate error.
When a movable IP is impossible, publish health-checked DNS records for the two proxy addresses. Set a deliberately short TTL, but explain to operators that a short authoritative TTL cannot force every recursive resolver or client to discard an older answer immediately. DNS failover therefore has a convergence window during which some users still contact the failed address.
Test failover before calling it highly available
Run tests from an external client as well as from the VPS nodes. Record timestamps, observed addresses, connection errors, logs, ARP or neighbour state where applicable, DNS answers, and application health.
- Backend removal: disable one application backend. Confirm HAProxy marks it down, stops sending new requests to it, and logs the state change.
- Backend recovery: restore the backend and verify that it returns only after the configured
risecount of successful checks. - Process failure: stop HAProxy on the active node. Confirm the Keepalived health script lowers its priority and that the standby claims the VIP.
- Heartbeat or host failure: stop Keepalived, block the relevant path, or power off the active VPS in a controlled window. Confirm the standby claims the VIP and accepts new connections.
- Recovery and pre-emption: restore the original node and observe whether your priority and pre-emption policy return ownership as intended. Verify that an unnecessary role switch does not interrupt service.
- Client behavior: keep long-lived TCP connections and application reconnect logic in the test plan. In-flight sessions can break during proxy failure even when new requests recover quickly.
- Repeat under load: test backend loss while the proxy is failing and test proxy loss while one backend is already down. These combined cases reveal capacity and monitoring assumptions that a single fault test misses.
Capacity, sessions, and failure boundaries
Size for the loss of one node
In active/standby mode, the standby is normally idle, but it must be able to handle the expected traffic when the active node disappears. In active/active mode, both nodes receive traffic in rotation, so losing one removes capacity immediately; plan headroom accordingly rather than running both at their normal maximum.
Separate proxy health from application health
A healthy HAProxy process does not prove that the application is healthy, and a healthy backend does not prove that the proxy node can serve clients. Monitor the VIP externally, HAProxy’s backend states, Keepalived role changes, and the application endpoint. Alert on repeated transitions, not only on a single failed probe.
Understand what failover cannot preserve
Moving an IP does not migrate kernel connection state, TLS session state in every circumstance, uploads in progress, or data held only in memory on the failed node. Design clients to retry safely, make write operations idempotent where possible, and ensure the application stores durable state in a system available to either proxy path.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check |
|---|---|---|
| The standby never claims the VIP | VRRP is blocked, the provider does not support the VIP, or priorities and interfaces are wrong | Provider networking requirements, Keepalived logs, interface names, VRID, priorities, and neighbour/ARP state |
| The VIP moves but connections fail | Firewall rules, listeners, routes, or certificates differ between nodes | Both nodes’ HAProxy bind settings, firewall policy, routes, certificate files, and external connection tests |
| All backends are marked down | Incorrect address or port, an unsuitable health endpoint, or a network policy blocking checks | Run the same TCP or HTTP probe from the proxy, inspect HAProxy logs, and verify the endpoint’s dependency checks |
| A backend flaps up and down | Checks are too aggressive for the application’s response time or the endpoint is intermittently failing | Response latency, timeout settings, fall/rise values, and application logs |
| DNS users still reach the failed node | Resolver or client caching has not expired | Query several recursive resolvers, inspect TTLs, and allow for the documented cache window |
| Users report dropped sessions after failover | In-flight TCP connections ended with the failed proxy or application state was local | Client reconnect behavior, session storage, request idempotency, and application logs |
Operational checklist
- Both VPS instances run the same supported HAProxy and Keepalived major versions.
- Configuration, certificates, firewall rules, and health scripts are synchronized and validated on both nodes.
- The provider’s floating-IP or VRRP behavior is documented and tested, not assumed.
- HAProxy checks represent real service health and use documented
fallandrisethresholds. - Keepalived tracks HAProxy and any local application path that must be healthy before owning the VIP.
- Monitoring covers VIP reachability, role changes, backend status, logs, and external client results.
- Capacity planning includes the loss of one proxy and the loss of one or more application backends.
- Failover drills include process failure, heartbeat failure, host failure, backend recovery, DNS behavior where relevant, and client reconnects.
A two-VPS deployment is resilient only when the network can move the client address, the standby is configured as carefully as the active node, and the application itself is prepared for a proxy change. HAProxy supplies health-based backend rotation; Keepalived or a provider failover API supplies proxy-node ownership. Test those boundaries separately and together before relying on them in production.
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