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NSD does not create DNSSEC keys or sign zones itself. To deploy DNSSEC, generate and maintain a signed zone with a separate signer, point NSD at that signed file, validate it with nsd-checkzone, reload NSD, and publish the matching DS record at the parent. NSD then serves the DNSKEY, RRSIG, and authenticated-denial records as authoritative data.
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Understand NSD’s DNSSEC boundary
NSD is an authoritative-only DNS server. It answers from the zone data you load; it is not a recursive resolver and it is not a complete DNSSEC signing service. Installing NSD, adding a zone, or reloading the daemon does not generate keys or signatures.
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The NSD configuration manual states: For NSD, DNSSEC is enabled automatically for zones that are signed. In practical terms, NSD detects and serves DNSSEC records already present in the zone file. There is no BIND-style dnssec-enable option to add to nsd.conf. Your signer remains responsible for private keys, DNSKEY publication, RRSIG generation, signature refresh, key activation and retirement, rollover, and the SOA serial used for each publication.
A complete deployment has three separately managed pieces:
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- Unsigned source zone: the human-maintained records for the domain.
- Signed output zone: a generated file containing the source records plus DNSKEY, RRSIG, and authenticated-denial records.
- Parent delegation: a DS record at the parent that authenticates the child DNSKEY.
Keeping the source and generated output in different, controlled paths prevents an accidental reload from publishing an unsigned file.
Prepare the host and file layout
Before changing production DNS, confirm that the host can run the NSD version supplied by your operating system and that its service account can read the generated zone file. Package layouts and service-manager commands differ by operating system, so use the service integration installed with your package while preserving the NSD configuration semantics below.
Recommended layout
| Purpose | Example path | Operational rule |
|---|---|---|
| Unsigned source | /etc/nsd/zones/example.com.zone |
Edit this file, then increment its SOA serial for every published change. |
| Signed output | /etc/nsd/example.com.signed |
Write only through the signer or a controlled deployment step; this is the file NSD loads. |
| Private signing keys | Signer-controlled directory | Restrict permissions and back up according to the signer’s recovery procedure. |
| NSD configuration | /etc/nsd/nsd.conf |
Declare the zone and the signed file here. |
Use atomic publication where possible: write a new signed file under a temporary name, validate it, then replace the previous signed file in one controlled operation. Retain the previous known-good file so you can roll back if validation or post-reload checks fail.
Build a valid unsigned zone
Start with ordinary authoritative DNS data. The NSD zone-file guide says: A minimal zone needs exactly one SOA (Source Of Authority) and one or more NS (Name Server) records. Add the A, AAAA, MX, CNAME, TXT, and other records required by your services.
$ORIGIN example.com.
$TTL 3600
@ IN SOA ns1.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. (
2026101501 ; serial
3600 ; refresh
900 ; retry
1209600 ; expire
3600 ; negative TTL
)
IN NS ns1.example.com.
IN NS ns2.example.com.
ns1 IN A 192.0.2.53
ns2 IN A 192.0.2.54
www IN A 192.0.2.80The addresses above are documentation examples, not production endpoints. Replace them with the addresses actually assigned to your authoritative servers. Ensure that every name server listed at the apex is reachable and that glue records exist at the parent when a name server is inside the child zone.
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SOA serial discipline
Increment the SOA serial for every change that will be published. A common date-based format is YYYYMMDDnn, where nn is a change counter for that day; any monotonically increasing scheme is valid. The signer may copy the serial into the signed output or generate output using the source serial, but the served serial must increase so secondaries and caches recognize the update.
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Select a DNSSEC signer or DNS management system that can consume your unsigned source and produce a complete signed zone. The signer should create DNSKEY and RRSIG records, add authenticated-denial data, and maintain timing for key activation, signature expiry, refresh, and rollover. Do not treat a one-time signing command as an ongoing operations plan: signatures expire and keys eventually need replacement.
Questions to answer before choosing a signer
| Area | What to verify |
|---|---|
| Automatic rollover | Can it schedule key transitions, publish successor keys, and retire old keys without a gap in validation? |
| Private-key storage | Where are keys stored, which account can read them, and how are backups and recovery handled? |
| Signature timing | Can you set inception, expiration, refresh, and propagation margins appropriate for your TTLs? |
| Parent coordination | Does it expose the active DNSKEY digest and, where supported, assist with CDS/CDNSKEY or DS publication? |
| Source/output separation | Can unsigned input and generated signed output live in separate paths with an auditable deployment step? |
| Transfers | Will the generated zone work with your secondary servers and their authenticated transfer policy? |
| Audit and recovery | Are key changes, signing failures, and rollbacks logged, and can you restore a known-good signed state? |
After signing, inspect the output rather than assuming success. It should contain the original authoritative records, at least one active DNSKEY, corresponding RRSIG records, and authenticated-denial records for the signer’s selected method. Confirm that the SOA serial is the intended publication serial and that no records were accidentally omitted.
Point NSD at the signed file
Add one zone: stanza for the domain in nsd.conf. The name: field is required; zonefile: identifies the file NSD reads and, where applicable, writes.
zone:
name: example.com
zonefile: /etc/nsd/example.com.signedUse the fully qualified path produced by your deployment process. Do not point this stanza at the editable unsigned source unless your signer deliberately writes signed data in place and you have a separate safeguard against publishing it before signing. If you host several zones, give each its own stanza and signed output path.
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Check ownership and permissions before reloading. The NSD service account needs read access to the signed file and to each directory component, while private signing keys should not be readable by NSD unless your chosen architecture explicitly requires that access. A signer that runs under a different account may need a controlled group, ACL, or deployment copy step.
Validate the signed zone before loading it
Run the NSD checker against the exact file named in the configuration:
nsd-checkzone example.com /etc/nsd/example.com.signedThe command reads the file, reports errors, and exits nonzero when validation fails. Treat any nonzero result as a deployment failure. Fix the source or signer output, regenerate the signed file, and run the check again; do not reload a file that failed validation.
Pre-reload checks
- Confirm there is exactly one SOA and at least one NS record at the zone apex.
- Confirm the SOA serial is the change you intended to publish.
- Confirm DNSKEY records are present and that expected RRSIG records cover the SOA, DNSKEY, NS, and service records you rely on.
- Confirm authenticated-denial records were generated for the complete authoritative name set.
- Check that no signer error, expired signature, or key marked inactive was carried into the output.
- Verify that the file path and permissions match the
zonefile:entry.
Validation checks the zone’s syntax and consistency for NSD; it does not publish a DS record at the parent and it does not prove that every public resolver can reach your server. Those are separate steps.
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Reload NSD safely
Use remote control when it is enabled
NSD remote control is disabled by default. To use it, generate its TLS material with:
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nsd-control-setupEnable the remote-control: clause in nsd.conf and keep the control interface on localhost unless remote administration is specifically required. A typical local-only policy enables control and binds it to 127.0.0.1; use the exact option names and certificate paths shipped with your NSD version. Restrict access to the generated keys and certificates.
For a changed zone file, use the documented NSD control operation or your operating system’s service reload action. Exact service commands vary by package, so do not substitute a stop-and-start sequence unless your platform documentation requires it. A reload should preserve the running daemon while causing it to read the new signed data.
Verify what is actually served
Query the authoritative address directly after reloading. For example, with a server address of 192.0.2.53:
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dig @192.0.2.53 example.com DNSKEY +dnssec
dig @192.0.2.53 www.example.com A +dnssecReplace the address and names with your own records. Check that the responses include the expected RRSIG data and that the served SOA serial matches the signed file you intended to publish. Query each authoritative server, not just one, because a stale secondary can continue serving an older serial.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Publish the DS record at the parent
DNSSEC becomes a complete chain of trust only when the parent publishes a DS record that matches an active child DNSKEY. Extract the DS material from the key that is currently served by NSD, then submit it through the parent operator’s registrar or registry interface. The exact form, timing, and approval process depend on that parent; NSD documentation does not define a registrar-specific workflow.
- Reload and verify that the intended DNSKEY is publicly served by every authoritative server.
- Calculate or obtain the DS digest for that active DNSKEY using your signer’s documented procedure.
- Submit the key tag, algorithm, digest type, and digest to the parent operator exactly as requested.
- Wait for the parent zone to publish the DS record and for normal DNS propagation.
- Test the chain from an independent validating resolver, and test both positive answers and a deliberately nonexistent name to verify authenticated denial.
Do not submit a DS for a key that is not yet active and served. During rollover, keep the old key and its DS usable until the new key is published, propagated, and validated according to your signer’s timing plan.
Configure secondary servers and transfers
DNSSEC records are ordinary zone data from NSD’s transfer perspective, but transfer and notification policy still must be configured. For a primary zone, configure notify: and provide-xfr: separately for each secondary. Use TSIG keys to authenticate notifications and zone transfers.
Keep the transfer address list narrow: include only the secondary servers that should receive the zone, and restrict the source addresses accepted for transfer. Define the same TSIG identity and secret on both ends, protect the key material, and monitor transfer logs after every signed-zone publication.
Examples that use NOKEY may be useful for isolated testing, but the NSD secondary-zone documentation labels those settings as testing-only. Do not use unauthenticated transfer or notification settings in production when TSIG authentication is available.
After a reload, confirm that each secondary obtains the new SOA serial and serves the same DNSKEY and RRSIG set. A secondary that transfers an older serial can make validation appear intermittent, especially when clients reach different authoritative addresses.
Operate DNSSEC as an ongoing process
Signature refresh and expiry
RRSIG records have finite validity windows. Your signer must refresh them before expiry and publish refreshed output before validators reject old signatures. Monitor signer jobs, output timestamps, and expiry margins; an NSD reload cannot repair an expired signature that is still in the zone file.
Key rollover
Rollover requires coordination between the child DNSKEY set and the parent DS. A safe plan publishes successor material early, allows it to propagate, waits until the successor is served everywhere, and only then retires the predecessor and updates or removes its DS according to the selected rollover method. Record the timing assumptions, TTLs, and emergency rollback steps before starting.
Quick Recap
Serials, backups, and alerts
- Alert when signing fails, when the next signature expiry approaches, or when output has not changed after an expected source update.
- Alert when authoritative servers disagree on SOA serial, DNSKEY, or representative RRSIG answers.
- Back up unsigned source, signer configuration, and private keys separately, with access controls appropriate to each.
- Keep a known-good signed zone and document how to restore it without accidentally reverting to an unsigned file.
- Test recovery periodically, including restoration of keys, regeneration of signatures, NSD validation, reload, and parent-chain verification.
Troubleshoot common failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | Action |
|---|---|---|
nsd-checkzone exits nonzero |
Syntax error, duplicate or missing mandatory data, malformed DNSSEC record, or inconsistent signer output. | Read the reported line, fix the source or signer configuration, regenerate the signed file, and rerun the checker before any reload. |
| NSD reload succeeds but answers lack DNSKEY or RRSIG | The zonefile path points to unsigned data, or the deployment copied the wrong artifact. | Inspect the configured path, examine the file directly, and query the authoritative address. Restore the signed artifact and reload only after validation. |
| Clients report intermittent validation failures | Authoritative servers serve different serials or one secondary missed a transfer. | Query every authoritative address for SOA, DNSKEY, and a signed record; correct notify/provide-xfr or TSIG settings and transfer the newest serial. |
| Validators report a broken chain | The parent DS does not match an active child DNSKEY, or the DS was published before the key was served. | Compare the parent DS with the DNSKEY currently returned by each authoritative server. Correct the parent submission or complete the rollover sequence. |
| Signatures become invalid without a zone edit | The signer stopped refreshing output, key timing is wrong, or the generated file was not deployed. | Check signer logs and expiry times, regenerate signatures, validate the output, reload NSD, and add monitoring for future expiry. |
| Secondaries do not update | SOA serial was not incremented, notifications are blocked, transfer ACLs are wrong, or TSIG authentication fails. | Verify the serial, notify targets, provide-xfr policy, network reachability, and matching TSIG names and secrets on both servers. |
Deployment checklist
- Choose and document the external signer and its key-storage and recovery model.
- Maintain an unsigned source zone with one SOA, one or more NS records, and an increasing SOA serial.
- Generate DNSKEY, RRSIG, and authenticated-denial data outside NSD.
- Store signed output separately and point the NSD
zonefile:setting to that output. - Run
nsd-checkzoneagainst the exact file NSD will load. - Reload through the local service integration or secured NSD control path.
- Query every authoritative server for SOA, DNSKEY, and representative signed records.
- Submit the matching active-key DS to the parent and verify the chain with an independent validating resolver.
- Configure authenticated secondary notifications and transfers with TSIG.
- Monitor signature expiry, key rollover, serial agreement, transfer health, and recovery readiness.
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