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Choose the right controls for your screenshot
A browser window size is not the same thing as an emulated page viewport. For Chromium, device-metrics emulation controls viewport-related dimensions and DPR. Keep these choices distinct:
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- Width and height: The emulated screen dimensions, in CSS pixels.
- Device scale factor: The ratio of physical pixels to logical CSS pixels. A higher DPR can make a screenshot’s pixel dimensions larger than its CSS viewport dimensions.
- Mobile mode: An explicit emulation choice, not an automatic consequence of using a narrow width.
- Screenshot scope: The visible viewport or the whole page, including content outside the viewport.
Chrome DevTools describes DPR and the viewport, DPR, and device-type controls in its device mode documentation.
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Selenium JavaScript: configure mobile emulation
Selenium’s JavaScript Chromium API documents setMobileEmulation with a custom screen configuration. This example uses the API’s documented values, 360 × 640 and pixel ratio 3.0; they are example settings, not universal recommendations. Check the API documentation for the Selenium version you use: Selenium JavaScript Chromium API.
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const { Builder } = require('selenium-webdriver');
const chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
(async () => {
const options = new chrome.Options();
options.setMobileEmulation({
deviceMetrics: { width: 360, height: 640, pixelRatio: 3.0 }
});
const driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.setChromeOptions(options)
.build();
try {
await driver.get('https://example.com');
await driver.takeScreenshot();
} finally {
await driver.quit();
}
})();This uses the documented custom screen values and mobile-emulation setup. It does not establish a universal signature for every Selenium language binding or version. Match the code to your binding and installed browser and driver.
Chromium through the Chrome DevTools Protocol
For protocol-level control, CDP’s Page.setDeviceMetricsOverride accepts width, height, deviceScaleFactor, and mobile. It also overrides window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight, and device-width/device-height media-query results. The CDP reference is the moving tot protocol documentation; confirm that your browser and Selenium setup support the command and parameters.
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await driver.sendDevToolsCommand('Page.setDeviceMetricsOverride', {
width: 375,
height: 812,
deviceScaleFactor: 2,
mobile: true
});The command shape above reflects the CDP parameters, but how a Selenium binding sends a DevTools command varies. Use the matching binding’s documented CDP interface rather than assuming sendDevToolsCommand exists in every language or version. A deviceScaleFactor of zero disables the DPR override according to the protocol reference.
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Pick mobile mode deliberately
Set mobile or use the binding’s mobile-emulation configuration intentionally. A small viewport alone does not necessarily reproduce mobile emulation. Choose dimensions, DPR, and device mode based on what the test is meant to check.
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Capture the viewport or the full page
A screenshot API may capture only what is currently visible, while a full-size capture includes content beyond the viewport. Set the emulation metrics and screenshot scope separately, then inspect the resulting image dimensions. Chrome’s instructions distinguish a viewport capture from a full-size screenshot: Chrome DevTools device mode.
- For a viewport screenshot, make sure the page is at the intended viewport and use the screenshot behavior for your Selenium binding.
- For a full-page screenshot, use a full-page capture method supported by your Selenium/browser setup; do not assume changing viewport height is equivalent.
- Compare the image’s pixel dimensions with the CSS viewport and DPR you set. A DPR of 2 can produce an image with roughly twice as many pixels per CSS dimension, subject to the screenshot method and browser behavior.
Why the image dimensions may differ from expectations
- Window dimensions were set instead of emulated metrics: Window sizing and page viewport emulation are different. For Chromium viewport and DPR control, use device metrics.
- DPR was omitted: Specify
deviceScaleFactoror the binding’spixelRatiofield when pixel density matters. - Mobile mode was assumed: Explicitly enable mobile emulation if the test depends on it.
- Screenshot scope was mistaken: A viewport capture and a full-page capture do not have the same dimensions.
- Binding or protocol mismatch: CDP command support and Selenium APIs depend on the language binding and browser/driver versions. Check the corresponding versioned documentation.
Emulation limits and version compatibility
Chrome characterizes device mode as a “first-order approximation” of mobile appearance and behavior. It simulates a mobile experience from a desktop or laptop; it is not a physical phone. If the result depends on device hardware or behavior that emulation cannot reproduce, verify it on the target device. See Chrome’s device-mode guide, last updated 2024-02-20 UTC.
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The CDP reference cited here is its moving tot version, not a guarantee that every Selenium/browser combination exposes the same commands. Consult the documentation for your specific Selenium binding and installed browser/driver versions before relying on a protocol call.
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FAQ
Does a custom viewport automatically make Selenium emulate a phone?
No. Configure mobile mode as well as dimensions when your test requires mobile emulation.
Do I need to use a physical phone?
Emulation is useful for layout checks, but it does not reproduce every hardware-dependent behavior. Use the target device when those differences matter.
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