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For a production Django site, put Nginx at the public edge, let it serve collected static files, and pass application requests to uWSGI over the uwsgi protocol. uWSGI imports the application callable from your Django project’s wsgi.py; Django then loads settings through DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE. This separation keeps slow or dynamic Python work away from static-file delivery and gives you clear places to enforce TLS, headers, privileges, timeouts, and logging.
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Django’s own deployment guidance is explicit: “The runserver command starts a lightweight development server, which is not suitable for production.” Use runserver only for local development and debugging, not as the internet-facing service.
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What the uWSGI–Nginx architecture does
A browser’s request normally follows this path:
- Nginx listens on the public HTTP and HTTPS ports.
- For a URL such as
/static/app.css, Nginx reads the file directly from the directory created by Django’scollectstaticcommand. - For dynamic URLs such as
/accounts/login/, Nginx passes the request to a local uWSGI endpoint. - uWSGI loads
project_name.wsgi:application, creates or reuses worker processes, and calls Django. - Django returns a response, which uWSGI sends back to Nginx and Nginx sends to the client.
The boundary is a uwsgi-protocol socket, not ordinary HTTP proxying. The endpoint can be a Unix-domain socket on the same host or a loopback TCP address. A Unix socket avoids a network listener and is usually a good default for a single-server deployment; loopback TCP can be more convenient when services are separated or supervised independently.
| Responsibility | Component | Typical location or setting |
|---|---|---|
| Public HTTP/HTTPS listener | Nginx | listen 80; and listen 443 ssl; |
| TLS termination | Nginx | Certificate, private key, protocol and redirect settings |
| Static assets | Nginx | /static/ mapped to STATIC_ROOT |
| Dynamic Django requests | uWSGI and Django | uwsgi_pass to a Unix socket or loopback port |
| Application configuration | Django | DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE, environment variables and settings module |
| Process supervision | systemd or another service manager | Restart policy, account, limits and logs |
Nginx documentation describes this static split as offloading static content to Nginx, which serves it directly from the collected directory. Django remains responsible for URL routing, templates, authentication, database access and other application behavior.
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Prepare Django for production
Use a production settings module
Separate secrets and environment-specific values from source code. Set a strong, stable SECRET_KEY outside the repository, configure the production database, define logging, and set ALLOWED_HOSTS to the hostnames that should reach this deployment. Do not use a wildcard unless you understand the host-header consequences.
Set STATIC_ROOT to a directory that will contain the assembled static tree. It must be different from the source directories listed in STATICFILES_DIRS and from an app’s static/ directory. A representative setting is:
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STATIC_URL = "/static/
STATIC_ROOT = BASE_DIR / "staticfiles"The exact path is your choice; use an absolute path in the deployed environment and ensure the Nginx worker can read it.
Validate deployment settings
Run Django’s deployment checks as part of every release:
python manage.py check --deployAddress warnings about HTTPS, cookies, secret handling, allowed hosts, security middleware and other environment-specific settings rather than treating the command as a formality. Also run your normal migrations, tests and application checks before switching traffic.
Collect static files
Build the directory Nginx will serve:
python manage.py collectstatic --noinputRun this command with the same code and settings that the release will use. Confirm that the resulting directory contains the expected CSS, JavaScript, fonts and images. If a file is absent, fix the Django static-file configuration before changing Nginx.
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Keep media separate
User-uploaded media is not the same as versioned static assets. Store it in a separately controlled directory, map it with a separate URL such as /media/, and review permissions, caching and access rules. If some uploads are private, do not expose their directory as a public Nginx alias; have Django or a dedicated protected download mechanism authorize access.
Install uWSGI in the project environment
Install uWSGI in the virtual environment used by the release, alongside Django and the project’s other runtime dependencies. The binary must be able to import your project package from its working directory.
python -m venv .venv
. .venv/bin/activate
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install django uwsgiUse your pinned dependency file in a real deployment rather than unpinned versions. Confirm the import path before involving Nginx:
cd /srv/example
. .venv/bin/activate
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=project_name.settings.production
uwsgi --chdir /srv/example
--module project_name.wsgi:application
--http 127.0.0.1:8001This temporary HTTP listener is only an import and application smoke test. Stop it after verifying that a request reaches Django; the production Nginx configuration should use uwsgi_pass and the uwsgi protocol instead of exposing uWSGI directly.
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Choose the callable and working directory
A Django project created by startproject contains <project_name>/wsgi.py with an application object. The canonical uWSGI module value is therefore:
project_name.wsgi:applicationSet --chdir to the directory that contains the project package, or ensure that directory is on Python’s import path. Set DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE to the settings module used for production.
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Bind a private endpoint
A Unix socket example:
[uwsgi]
chdir = /srv/example
module = project_name.wsgi:application
env = DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=project_name.settings.production
home = /srv/example/.venv
master = true
processes = 4
socket = /run/example/uwsgi.sock
chmod-socket = 660
vacuum = true
harakiri = 60
max-requests = 1000
logto = /var/log/example/uwsgi.log
pidfile = /run/example/uwsgi.pidThe values above illustrate the controls, not universal capacity numbers. Choose the process count after measuring memory, CPU, database connections and request behavior under your workload. A timeout such as harakiri should be long enough for legitimate requests but finite enough to stop a wedged worker. Request recycling with max-requests can limit the impact of gradual worker growth; select a value based on observation and test it with your application.
For loopback TCP, replace the socket line with a private address and port such as:
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Run with a dedicated account
Create a service account that owns the release files it must read but has no interactive administrative privileges. The uWSGI process should not run as root. Ensure the account can read the virtual environment, source code, templates and collected static files, and can write only the directories intended for logs, uploads, caches or temporary files.
Configure Nginx to pass requests to uWSGI
Define the upstream
An upstream block gives the dynamic location a stable name:
upstream example_django {
server unix:/run/example/uwsgi.sock;
}For a loopback listener, use server 127.0.0.1:9000; instead. Keep the socket path identical to the uWSGI service configuration, including its runtime directory.
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Map static files and dynamic routes
A minimal server block looks like this:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location /static/ {
alias /srv/example/staticfiles/;
}
location /media/ {
alias /srv/example/media/;
}
location / {
include /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_param Host $host;
uwsgi_param X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
uwsgi_param X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
uwsgi_param X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
uwsgi_pass example_django;
}
}Some distributions install the parameter file at a different path. Use the path provided by your Nginx package, or include the module’s standard parameter file if your configuration already defines it. The essential pattern is an include followed by uwsgi_pass.
With alias, keep the trailing slash consistent: location /static/ paired with alias /srv/example/staticfiles/ maps the URL suffix to that directory. A root directive is another valid approach, but it builds the filesystem path by appending the complete request URI; choose deliberately and test a real asset URL.
Forward headers accurately
Django needs the original host, client address and scheme when it builds absolute URLs, records security information or applies secure-cookie and CSRF policies. Forward only values that reflect the actual proxy chain. If another load balancer sits in front of Nginx, configure the trusted proxy behavior and forwarded-header policy consistently across every hop. Never blindly trust a client-supplied forwarding header on a public listener.
Terminate HTTPS at Nginx
Use Nginx for the public TLS listener and redirect plain HTTP to HTTPS once certificates and renewal are working. Configure Django’s secure proxy and redirect settings to match the header Nginx sends. Test login, redirects, CSRF-protected forms and absolute links after enabling HTTPS; a scheme mismatch commonly causes redirect loops or insecure-cookie failures.
Run uWSGI under a service manager
Starting uWSGI from an interactive shell is not an operating model. A systemd unit can create the runtime directory, apply the service account and restart the process after failure:
[Unit]
Description=Example Django uWSGI
After=network.target
[Service]
User=example
Group=example
WorkingDirectory=/srv/example
Environment=DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=project_name.settings.production
RuntimeDirectory=example
ExecStart=/srv/example/.venv/bin/uwsgi --ini /etc/example/uwsgi.ini
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetPlace the unit and uWSGI configuration where your operating system expects them, then reload systemd, enable the service and inspect its status:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now example-uwsgi
sudo systemctl status example-uwsgi
sudo journalctl -u example-uwsgi -eEnsure the runtime directory and socket ownership allow Nginx to connect while preventing unrelated users from reading or writing the socket. A mode such as 660 is useful only when Nginx and uWSGI share an appropriate group.
Validate, reload and test the complete stack
- Run
python manage.py check --deploywith production environment variables. - Run migrations and
collectstaticfor the release. - Check that the uWSGI service is active and that its socket exists at the configured path.
- Run
sudo nginx -t. Do not reload Nginx if this syntax test fails. - Reload safely with
sudo systemctl reload nginx. - Request the public site over HTTPS and check a dynamic page, a static asset, a form submission and a missing URL.
- Review Nginx access/error logs and uWSGI logs for import errors, permission failures, upstream errors and timeout messages.
Test from the same hostname users will use. A request to an IP address can trigger Django’s ALLOWED_HOSTS protection even when the configured domain works correctly.
Troubleshoot common failures
502 Bad Gateway
- Confirm uWSGI is running and that the socket or loopback port matches the Nginx upstream.
- Check socket ownership and mode; Nginx must have permission to connect.
- Inspect uWSGI logs for an import exception, missing dependency or failed settings initialization.
- Verify that the runtime directory exists after reboot and is created by the service manager.
“No module named …” or Django settings errors
- Check
chdirand the package name used inproject_name.wsgi:application. - Confirm the service uses the intended virtual environment.
- Set
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULEin the service environment or uWSGI configuration. - Run the same import command as the service account, not only as your login user.
Static files return 404 or the wrong content
- Run
collectstaticwith the production settings. - Verify
STATIC_ROOTexactly matches the Nginxaliasorroottarget. - Check directory traversal permissions: Nginx needs execute permission on parent directories and read permission on files.
- Inspect the browser’s requested URL for a missing or duplicated slash.
Redirect loops, rejected hosts or CSRF errors
- Confirm the public hostname is in
ALLOWED_HOSTS. - Make sure Nginx sends
X-Forwarded-Protothat matches the client-facing scheme and Django trusts that proxy arrangement. - Review secure-cookie, CSRF-origin and HTTPS redirect settings together rather than changing one in isolation.
Slow or stuck requests
- Use logs and application metrics to identify database, external-service or template delays.
- Set a bounded uWSGI request timeout appropriate to legitimate work.
- Size workers from measured CPU and memory use; adding processes without enough memory or database connections can make the service less reliable.
- Recycle workers only as an evidence-based mitigation for observed growth, not as a substitute for finding leaks.
Security and operations checklist
- Keep uWSGI’s socket private and run the service as a dedicated unprivileged user.
- Serve only the intended static and media directories; never expose the project’s secret files, virtual environment or repository metadata.
- Enable HTTPS, redirect HTTP deliberately and maintain certificate renewal.
- Use restrictive file and directory permissions, especially for uploaded media and environment files.
- Set request, body-size and timeout policies appropriate to the application at the Nginx and uWSGI layers.
- Send logs to locations with rotation and enough retention to diagnose incidents without filling the disk.
- Monitor service restarts, upstream failures, response times, worker saturation, disk space and database connection limits.
- Validate Nginx syntax before every reload and keep a tested rollback release.
- Review Django’s deployment checklist whenever the framework, host, proxy topology or authentication flow changes.
When this stack is the right fit
uWSGI with Nginx is a conventional choice for synchronous Django applications that need a mature WSGI server, direct static-file delivery and a reverse proxy that can terminate TLS. Its operational model is explicit: Nginx handles the edge and files, uWSGI manages Python workers, and Django handles application logic.
When comparing it with an ASGI deployment, compare the interface first. WSGI is Django’s established synchronous interface; ASGI is the interface intended for asynchronous-friendly workloads. Then compare worker lifecycle, long-lived connection support, static and media delivery, TLS termination, observability, deployment complexity and the project’s support horizon. Do not select a server because of a generic throughput claim: no authoritative benchmark establishes universal latency, capacity or worker counts for every Django/uWSGI/Nginx deployment. Measure the target application, database and traffic pattern.
Final verification before production traffic
A deployment is ready when the release passes Django’s deployment checks, uWSGI imports the intended callable, Nginx’s configuration test succeeds, the socket is private and reachable, static files load directly, dynamic requests reach Django, HTTPS and forwarded headers produce the expected scheme and host, and logs provide enough information to investigate failures. Keep runserver for development and use the supervised Nginx–uWSGI path for production traffic.
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