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Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →To secure a newly deployed Linux server, establish a recovery route, patch it, use a least-privilege administrative account, restrict inbound traffic to services it needs, and validate SSH changes before applying them. These are baseline steps, not a complete threat model: the right settings depend on what the server runs and how it is managed. Ubuntu’s guidance is useful for the Ubuntu-specific examples below; commands, defaults and paths may differ on Debian, RHEL-family and other systems.
How do I secure a newly deployed Linux server?
Work through the baseline in an order that preserves access: confirm recovery first, then update, establish account and firewall policy, and make SSH changes cautiously. For each step, confirm the result on the target distribution and in the hosting environment.
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- Secure a recovery route. Before changing remote-access settings, ensure you can regain access if SSH stops working. A provider console or another tested out-of-band route can serve this purpose where available.
- Patch the system. Apply the distribution’s security updates and choose a recurring update and monitoring policy.
- Limit privileges. Use a non-root account for ordinary work and elevate only for administrative tasks.
- Reduce network exposure. Permit only traffic required by the server’s actual role and management method.
- Review SSH. Check the effective configuration and validate changes before restarting the service.
- Assess additional controls. Consider application confinement, storage encryption and other measures against the workload, hardware, recovery needs and policy.
Why does the server’s role determine its security baseline?
Security is layered, and the right posture depends on how the system will be used after deployment. A server’s public services, administrative access, data sensitivity and recovery requirements all affect which controls make sense. Ubuntu’s introduction to security emphasizes security throughout installation, deployment and use. A checklist is a starting point, not a substitute for a threat model.
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Apply initial updates
On Ubuntu, the documented manual update command is sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade. This is Ubuntu-specific; use the appropriate package-management workflow for other distributions. Ubuntu recommends regular updates to address known vulnerabilities in its security suggestions.
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Choose automatic or managed updates
Ubuntu documents unattended-upgrades for automatic updates. Its automatic-updates documentation says the package is installed by default and runs daily by default. The documentation describes configuration in /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades and /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades, with logs under /var/log/unattended-upgrades. Treat these as Ubuntu paths and defaults; verify your release and configuration rather than assuming they apply elsewhere.
Automatic updates reduce the chance that security fixes are missed, but they can restart affected services, and some updates may require a reboot. Ubuntu’s documentation says that, beginning with Ubuntu 24.04 LTS, needrestart restarts affected services automatically by default. Workloads with application-specific maintenance steps may need a managed update schedule instead. Whichever policy you choose, monitor update outcomes and plan for service interruption or reboot where relevant. See Ubuntu’s automatic updates guidance for details.
How should I handle root access and administrator accounts?
Use an ordinary account for day-to-day work and grant only the permissions needed for each role. Reserve privilege elevation, such as sudo on Ubuntu, for administrative tasks rather than working as root routinely. Ubuntu’s security suggestions recommend least privilege and caution against using root except for administration.
Account creation, sudo policy and restrictions on which users or groups may connect over SSH are distribution- and organization-specific. Define those policies for your operator model; do not assume a particular group name or access policy is universal.
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How do I limit network exposure?
Allow inbound connections only for services the server provides and the management route it needs. There is no universal port list: requirements differ between, for example, a web server and a private application host. Review both host-level rules and any cloud or hosting-provider network firewall so that an unintended route is not left open at one layer.
Ubuntu documents UFW, the Uncomplicated Firewall, as its firewall tool and recommends using a firewall. Other distributions and hosting environments may use different tools and controls. Start from the server’s actual service requirements, then verify that allowed traffic reaches only intended services. Ubuntu’s security guidance covers UFW.
How do I harden SSH without locking myself out?
SSH configuration changes can prevent the daemon from starting or lock out administrators. Keep a working session open and retain a tested recovery route while changing the authentication method or allowed accounts. Choose settings that fit how operators authenticate and recover; OpenSSH supports multiple authentication methods, and additional two-factor authentication is possible, but one copied configuration is not appropriate for every environment.
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Ubuntu documents the main SSH daemon configuration file as /etc/ssh/sshd_config and drop-in files under /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/. Included files can affect the effective setting: for most directives, OpenSSH uses the first value set. Inspect the relevant files and ordering rather than assuming a later line overrides an earlier one.
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- Edit the intended SSH configuration file or drop-in using the policy appropriate to your system.
- On Ubuntu, validate the daemon configuration with
sudo sshd -t. - If validation succeeds, apply the change using the service procedure for the target distribution.
- Test a new connection with the intended account and authentication method before closing the existing session or removing recovery access.
Ubuntu’s OpenSSH server documentation explains configuration files, validation and lockout risk. The paths and service-management details here are Ubuntu-specific examples, not universal Linux instructions.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Which additional security controls are worth considering?
Additional controls should follow the threat model and operational constraints, rather than being enabled indiscriminately.
- AppArmor: Ubuntu identifies AppArmor as a way to restrict software permissions and access. Check application compatibility and the policy appropriate to the workload.
- Console security: Physical or virtual console access is part of the security boundary. Protect it in a way that fits the hosting arrangement and recovery process.
- Disk encryption: Ubuntu points to TPM-backed LUKS decryption. Consider hardware support, unattended boot requirements and how recovery keys will be handled before relying on encryption.
Ubuntu’s overview also mentions Ubuntu Pro/ESM and Livepatch. These are Ubuntu-specific services, not generic requirements for Linux servers; check release eligibility and current terms before relying on them. Ubuntu’s security overview and security topics provide further Ubuntu-specific guidance.
What should I verify before considering the baseline complete?
- The system has received the updates appropriate to its distribution and release.
- A recurring update policy exists, with monitoring and planned handling for service restarts or reboots.
- Routine work uses an appropriately limited account; administrative elevation is controlled.
- Firewall rules permit only the inbound traffic required by the server’s role and management route.
- SSH configuration has been validated, a new login path has been tested, and recovery access remains available.
- Additional controls have been evaluated against compatibility, recovery requirements and applicable policy.
For Ubuntu’s documented support scope, the security-updates documentation says its guidance covers Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and later and describes 24-hour security-update and seven-day normal-update defaults. These figures describe Ubuntu documentation, not every release configuration or Linux distribution; verify the target release and settings. See Ubuntu security updates.
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