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Use Selenium’s save_screenshot() to write the current browser window to a local PNG, confirm the save succeeded, then upload that file with Boto3 to your S3 bucket. Set the S3 client to the bucket’s actual region—not simply the runner’s location. AWS lists Mumbai as ap-south-1 and Hyderabad as ap-south-2.
Capture a screenshot and upload it with Boto3
The example below assumes you already have a configured Selenium WebDriver session in driver, an existing S3 bucket, and runtime credentials permitted to write the chosen object key. Set region to the bucket’s region.
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from pathlib import Path
import boto3
# `driver` is an existing Selenium WebDriver session.
# Prefer a unique run_id so parallel or repeated tests do not overwrite each other.
run_id = "replace-with-test-run-id"
bucket = "your-existing-bucket"
region = "ap-south-1" # Mumbai; use ap-south-2 for Hyderabad if that is the bucket region.
object_key = f"selenium-screenshots/{run_id}/checkout.png"
local_path = Path("artifacts") / run_id / "checkout.png"
local_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
if not driver.save_screenshot(str(local_path)):
raise OSError(f"Selenium could not save screenshot to {local_path}")
s3 = boto3.client("s3", region_name=region)
s3.upload_file(
str(local_path),
bucket,
object_key,
ExtraArgs={"ContentType": "image/png"},
)Selenium documents save_screenshot(filename) as saving the current window to a PNG file. It returns False on an I/O error and otherwise True; use a full path with a .png extension and make sure its parent directory exists. See the Selenium Python API reference.
Boto3’s upload_file accepts the local filename, bucket name, and S3 object key. The explicit key gives your test artifacts a predictable location; the ContentType extra argument identifies the object as PNG. See AWS’s Boto3 file-upload guide.
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Choose the bucket’s Indian region
Set region_name to the region in which the destination bucket was created. The Selenium runner may be elsewhere; its location does not determine the bucket region. AWS lists Mumbai (ap-south-1) and Hyderabad (ap-south-2) among the S3 regions and endpoints. Check the bucket’s actual location in AWS before configuring the client. The official endpoint list is at Amazon S3 endpoints and quotas.
For a new bucket, create and configure it in the intended region, then use the same region for the client. The regional S3 REST endpoint is for authenticated object operations; this screenshot-upload workflow does not require an S3 static website endpoint or public website hosting. See What is Amazon S3?
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Choose between Mumbai and Hyderabad based on where the bucket already resides, organizational data-location requirements, and the network path from the Selenium runner. The region names alone do not establish which will be faster for a particular deployment. If latency matters, measure it from the actual runner and workload.
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Boto3 supports several credential providers. Avoid embedding long-lived access keys in source code; use the runtime’s configured provider, such as an attached IAM role on EC2. Boto3 can retrieve role credentials through instance metadata. Consult Boto3 credentials for provider configuration.
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Grant the runtime only the permissions it needs for the selected bucket and key prefix. The exact policy depends on the bucket policy, encryption configuration, prefix, and execution environment, so verify the policy for your setup rather than copying a universal policy. Keep diagnostic logs useful but never include credentials or screenshot contents.
S3 buckets and objects are private unless access is granted. AWS recommends using Block Public Access controls; new object uploads are encrypted at rest with SSE-S3 by default. Encryption does not replace access controls or a retention policy. See AWS guidance on blocking public access and SSE-S3 encryption.
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Organize screenshot object keys
An S3 object key is the object’s location within the bucket. A prefix such as selenium-screenshots/<run-id>/<test-name>.png keeps artifacts grouped by run and test. Reusing the same key writes to the same object location, so a unique run identifier helps prevent repeated or parallel test runs from replacing one another’s screenshots.
Use a file-like object instead of a local file
If your code already has screenshot bytes in a readable binary file-like object, Boto3 provides upload_fileobj. Open the file in binary mode; AWS specifies that the file object must be opened in binary rather than text mode. For the Selenium workflow above, upload_file is the straightforward fit because Selenium saves a local file.
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Troubleshoot failed captures and uploads
- Selenium returns
Falseor cannot write the file: This is a local filesystem problem, not an S3 error. Create the parent directory, check the path and filesystem permissions, and retain the.pngextension before attempting upload. - Boto3 reports missing or invalid credentials: Check the credential provider available to the process and the role or profile attached to its runtime. Do not fix this by hard-coding long-lived credentials.
- The bucket is not found or the request fails with a region mismatch: Verify the bucket’s actual region, then configure
region_nameto match it. The runner’s Indian location is not a substitute for checking the bucket. - The upload is denied: Review the identity permissions and bucket policy for the specific bucket and key prefix. Also check any encryption requirements; the correct policy depends on those settings.
- The upload fails intermittently or times out: Distinguish network or service errors from local capture failures. Catch and report AWS exceptions with the bucket, key, and run identifier as context, while excluding secrets and image contents. Retry behavior should be designed for your runner and test pipeline rather than assumed from a successful local screenshot.
- A later test cannot find an earlier artifact: Check the exact bucket, region, and key. If runs reuse a key, a later upload may replace the object at that location.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does this upload make the S3 screenshot publicly accessible?
No. The workflow uploads an object to S3; it does not configure public access or website hosting.
Can I use Hyderabad instead of Mumbai?
Yes, if the destination bucket is in Hyderabad, configure the client with ap-south-2. Use the bucket’s actual region.
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