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This guide covers Docker installation, image tags, port exposure, custom HTML, nginx.conf mounts, persistence, lifecycle commands, firewall implications, and the failure modes that most often make a container appear unreachable.
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What runs where
Docker Engine runs the container and supervises its main process. The official NGINX image already contains the NGINX binaries and a default configuration, so Ubuntu only needs a working Docker installation. The container has its own filesystem and network namespace; files and ports become visible to the host only when you explicitly publish or mount them.
In -p 8080:80, 8080 is the port on the Ubuntu host and 80 is the port inside the container. NGINX listens on container port 80 by default. Changing the first number changes the URL you use; changing the second number would require NGINX to listen on a different internal port.
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Install Docker Engine on Ubuntu
Configure Docker’s official Ubuntu apt repository before installing the Engine packages. The documented package set is:
| Package | Purpose |
|---|---|
docker-ce |
Docker Engine daemon |
docker-ce-cli |
Docker command-line client |
containerd.io |
Container runtime used by Docker |
docker-buildx-plugin |
BuildKit-based image building |
docker-compose-plugin |
Compose commands integrated into the Docker CLI |
After the repository is configured, install the set with:
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sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-pluginCheck that the daemon is running. If it is inactive, start it before trying to launch NGINX:
sudo systemctl status docker
sudo systemctl start dockerVerify the installation independently of NGINX:
sudo docker run hello-worldA successful hello-world run confirms that the client can contact the daemon and that Docker can create a container. If the command reports that it cannot connect to the Docker daemon, resolve the service state first; an NGINX command cannot work until Docker Engine is running.
Choose an NGINX image tag
The image name nginx selects the Docker Official Image. Tags available in the documented image listing include 1.31.6, mainline, 1, 1.31, and latest. Tags can change as new releases are published, so choose deliberately:
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| Tag style | What it gives you | When to use it |
|---|---|---|
1.31.6 |
A specific release | Reproducible deployments and controlled upgrades |
1.31 or 1 |
A moving minor- or major-line tag | Receiving compatible updates while limiting the release family |
mainline |
The moving mainline stream | Testing newer NGINX changes before adopting a fixed release |
latest |
A mutable default tag | Simple experiments where automatic image changes are acceptable |
Use a pinned release in production or anywhere you need the same image after a container is recreated. Use latest only when you have an update and rollback process.
Start the first NGINX container
Run this command from any directory:
sudo docker run --name mynginx -p 8080:80 -d nginxDocker downloads the image if it is not already local, creates a container named mynginx, publishes host port 8080 to container port 80, and detaches after starting NGINX. To use a deliberate image tag, replace the final word, for example:
sudo docker run --name mynginx -p 8080:80 -d nginx:1.31.6Open http://<ubuntu-host>:8080 from a browser that can reach the Ubuntu machine. On the Ubuntu machine itself, http://localhost:8080 tests the local path. If you prefer the conventional HTTP port, publish it with:
sudo docker run --name mynginx -p 80:80 -d nginxOnly one process can occupy a host port at a time. If another service already uses port 80 or 8080, choose a free host port or stop the conflicting service.
Check, stop, restart, and remove the container
Use these commands to inspect the basic lifecycle:
| Task | Command | Result |
|---|---|---|
| List running containers | sudo docker ps |
Shows mynginx, its image, status, and published ports |
| View NGINX output | sudo docker logs mynginx |
Displays startup and request-related messages sent to the container log |
| Stop NGINX | sudo docker stop mynginx |
Stops the container without deleting it |
| Start an existing container | sudo docker start mynginx |
Starts the stopped container with its original settings |
| Remove a stopped container | sudo docker rm mynginx |
Deletes the container; mounted data remains where it was stored |
If docker ps is empty, include stopped containers with sudo docker ps -a. A container that exited immediately usually has a configuration or startup error; inspect its logs before removing it.
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Publish the port safely
An unqualified mapping such as -p 80:80 publishes on all host interfaces by default. That makes NGINX reachable through every address assigned to Ubuntu, subject to routing and other network controls. For a service that should be reachable only from the Ubuntu machine, bind the host side to loopback:
sudo docker run --name mynginx-local -p 127.0.0.1:8080:80 -d nginx| Mapping | Exposure | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
-p 8080:80 |
All host interfaces, host port 8080 | A LAN or Internet-facing service after exposure has been reviewed |
-p 80:80 |
All host interfaces, host port 80 | Serving ordinary HTTP on the standard port |
-p 127.0.0.1:8080:80 |
Loopback only | Local development, a reverse proxy on the same host, or an SSH-tunneled service |
Ubuntu firewall behavior needs special attention. Docker’s installation guidance warns: “If you use ufw or firewalld to manage firewall settings, be aware that when you expose container ports using Docker, these ports bypass your firewall rules.” Treat a published port as exposed until you have verified the Docker-supported iptables path and your host’s network policy. Do not assume that an uncomplicated firewall rule alone limits a port published by Docker.
Serve your own HTML with a bind mount
The default image serves files from /usr/share/nginx/html. A bind mount maps a directory on Ubuntu into that document root, so edits on the host appear in the container without rebuilding the image.
- Create a site directory and a test page:
mkdir -p "$PWD/html"
printf '%sn' '<h1>Hello from Ubuntu and Docker</h1>' > "$PWD/html/index.html"- Run NGINX with the directory mounted read-only:
sudo docker run --name mynginx-content -p 8080:80 -v "$PWD/html:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro" -d nginx- Browse to
http://<ubuntu-host>:8080. The page should contain the text from your host’sindex.html.
The :ro suffix prevents the container from writing into the host directory. Use an absolute host path when launching from scripts or service managers, and confirm that the directory contains the files you intend to publish. If the default NGINX page still appears, check that the mount source is the directory you edited and that the container was recreated with the mount; changing a mount requires removing and running a new container.
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Mount a custom nginx.conf
For server blocks, proxy settings, custom headers, or non-default document roots, mount a tested configuration file at the image’s NGINX configuration path:
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sudo docker run --name mynginx-config -p 8080:80
-v "$PWD/html:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro"
-v "$PWD/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro"
-d nginxAdapt the host paths and confirm the destination path for the specific image tag you selected. A read-only configuration mount is safer for change control, but NGINX may need to write to other locations depending on your configuration. The official image documentation notes that read-only mode requires mounting every location where NGINX writes; review cache, temporary, PID, and log paths before enforcing read-only behavior.
Validate the file before replacing a working container. A syntax error can make NGINX exit during startup, leaving no listening service. Keep a known-good copy of the last configuration and use sudo docker logs mynginx-config immediately after a failed start to identify the file and line reported by NGINX.
Keep data when containers are replaced
Containers are disposable. A bind mount keeps files in a chosen Ubuntu directory; a named volume lets Docker manage the storage location and lifecycle.
| Storage method | Best for | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
Bind mount, such as $PWD/html:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro |
Website source, configuration under version control, and files edited directly on the host | You manage host paths, permissions, backups, and directory layout |
| Named volume | Data that must survive container removal without depending on a particular host path | Files are less visible in the project directory and should be inspected or backed up through Docker-aware workflows |
Create and use a named volume like this:
sudo docker volume create nginx-data
sudo docker run --name mynginx-volume -p 8080:80 -v nginx-data:/usr/share/nginx/html -d nginxList volumes with sudo docker volume ls. Remove a volume only when its contents are no longer needed:
sudo docker volume rm nginx-dataRemoving a container does not remove a separately managed named volume, while removing the volume permanently deletes the data stored in it.
Keep NGINX in the foreground
Docker supervises the process running as PID 1 in the container. NGINX must stay in the foreground rather than daemonizing and exiting. The container pattern is:
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]This is the command pattern documented for NGINX containers at NGINX’s Docker installation documentation. The standard image already applies the required foreground behavior, so you normally do not need to add it to docker run. If you build a custom image, preserve the foreground command or Docker will see the main process exit and stop the container.
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Choose between one command, Compose, and a custom image
| Approach | Configuration method | Operational profile |
|---|---|---|
Single docker run |
Flags for ports and mounts | Fastest for a test site or one container; settings remain in shell history or notes |
| Compose | A YAML file describing image, ports, and volumes | Repeatable multi-container deployments and easier start/stop operations using the Compose plugin |
| Custom image | A Dockerfile copies site files and configuration into an image | Versioned, portable artifacts; rebuilding is required whenever baked-in content changes |
Use a bind mount when you expect to edit files on Ubuntu frequently. Use a custom image when the exact content and configuration should travel together through a build pipeline. Use Compose when NGINX is one part of a larger application or when you want the complete deployment definition in one file.
Troubleshoot an unreachable NGINX container
The Docker command cannot connect to the daemon
Run sudo systemctl status docker. If the service is inactive, start it with sudo systemctl start docker, then repeat sudo docker run hello-world. This separates an Engine problem from an NGINX problem.
The container is not running
Run sudo docker ps -a and sudo docker logs mynginx. A stopped container commonly indicates an invalid mounted configuration, a missing file, or a foreground-process mistake in a custom image. Correct the cause and create a new container with the corrected options.
The browser says connection refused
- Confirm the container is listed as running with
sudo docker ps. - Confirm the published port in the output matches the URL, such as
0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcpfor-p 8080:80. - Test locally with
curl http://127.0.0.1:8080on Ubuntu to distinguish an NGINX failure from an external routing problem. - Check that no other process prevented Docker from binding the selected host port.
- If remote clients fail but local access works, review the host address, upstream network rules, cloud security controls, and Docker’s firewall interaction.
The wrong page appears
Inspect the bind source and destination. The usual document root is /usr/share/nginx/html; mounting a different path does not change what NGINX serves. Confirm that index.html exists in the host directory and recreate the container if the original container was started without the mount.
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Ensure the file is mounted to /etc/nginx/nginx.conf for the selected image and that the container was created with the updated file. A configuration edit on the host does not automatically recreate a container or reload NGINX. Check the container logs after restarting, and retain the previous working file so you can recover from a syntax error.
Remote access works despite a UFW rule
That behavior is consistent with Docker’s warning that published ports can bypass UFW or firewalld rules. Reconsider whether the service should be published on all interfaces; use a loopback binding for host-only access and apply Docker-supported packet-filtering controls for public exposure.
Quick Recap
Operational checklist
- Docker Engine and its daemon are installed from the official Ubuntu repository and pass the
hello-worldtest. - The image tag is intentional rather than accidentally mutable.
- The host-to-container mapping is correct, and the host port is free.
- The binding scope is appropriate: all interfaces only when remote access is required, loopback otherwise.
- Custom HTML and configuration are mounted from the intended host paths.
- Configuration mounts are tested before deployment, with a rollback copy available.
- Important data is stored in a bind mount or named volume rather than only in the container’s writable layer.
- Logs are checked after startup and after every configuration change.
- Firewall and network exposure have been reviewed because Docker-published ports may bypass ordinary UFW or firewalld expectations.
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