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Choose the architecture before editing anything. A separate WordPress installation gives the second site its own files, database, plugins, themes, updates and permissions. WordPress Multisite keeps several sites in one codebase and database network with shared administration. The steps below cover both choices, then show how to test and repair the failures that most often make a subdomain display the first site or return a 404.
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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchChoose between a separate installation and Multisite
The hostname alone does not determine the architecture. Decide whether the sites should be operationally independent or managed as one WordPress network.
Use a separate WordPress installation when isolation matters
Create a new document root, database and database user for the subdomain when it needs its own plugin and theme set, an independent update schedule, different filesystem permissions or a separate backup and restore boundary. For example, the existing site might use /var/www/example.com, while the second site uses /var/www/second.example.com. Each installation has its own wp-config.php and writable uploads directory.
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This arrangement limits a failed upgrade or compromised plugin to one site more effectively, but you must maintain two WordPress cores, two plugin inventories, two theme inventories and two backup jobs.
Use WordPress Multisite when the sites belong to one network
Multisite shares one WordPress codebase and network administration. A domain-based network can give each site a hostname such as site1.example.com and site2.example.com. Network administrators control themes, plugins and many settings centrally, while individual site administrators manage their own content.
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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesChoose this model when shared governance and a common upgrade process are more important than filesystem and database isolation. A network-wide change can affect every site, and restoring one site independently is more involved because the database and codebase are shared. WordPress’s network-creation instructions require you to back up wp-config.php and the relevant rewrite configuration before applying generated settings.
Comparison
| Decision factor | Separate installation | Multisite network |
|---|---|---|
| Code and database | Distinct codebase, database and configuration | Shared WordPress codebase and network database |
| Updates | Scheduled independently for each site | Core and network-level changes are shared |
| Plugins and themes | Each site can choose its own set | Network governance controls availability and activation |
| Backup and restore | Simple per-site boundaries | Network-wide backup is straightforward; single-site restoration needs extra planning |
| Hostnames | Any hostname can map to its own Nginx block | Domain-based sites use mapped hostnames; arbitrary future names need wildcard DNS |
| Operational effort | More duplicated maintenance | Central administration, with wider blast radius for mistakes |
Prepare DNS, access and backups
Confirm the final hostname
Pick the exact name before creating files or certificates. This example uses second.example.com. The spelling, trailing-dot behavior in DNS tools and HTTPS hostname must remain consistent across DNS, Nginx and WordPress.
Back up the existing site
Save the current database, WordPress files and Nginx configuration. If you are converting or extending a Multisite network, make a separate copy of wp-config.php and the rewrite configuration before applying the network settings generated by WordPress. A backup lets you restore the known-good virtual host if a syntax error or URL change interrupts the first site.
Create the DNS record first
For a standalone subdomain, create an A record for second.example.com pointing to the server’s IPv4 address, or a CNAME pointing to a hostname that resolves there. If the server has IPv6, add the appropriate AAAA record as well. Wait until public DNS resolvers return the intended address before diagnosing Nginx; an Nginx change cannot fix a hostname that reaches another machine.
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A domain-based Multisite network that lets administrators create arbitrary subdomain names needs a wildcard record such as *.example.com pointing to the server, in addition to any explicit records. A wildcard is not required merely because you have one fixed second site. DNS control-panel labels differ by provider, so verify the resulting record with a resolver rather than relying on the control panel’s status message.
Set up a separate WordPress installation
1. Create an isolated document root and database
Create a directory such as /var/www/second.example.com and ensure it is not the existing site’s root or a writable subdirectory shared by both installations. Create a new database and database user with only the privileges that installation needs. Record the database name, username, password and host for the installer.
Download WordPress into the new root using the normal package or your distribution’s documented method. Set ownership so the web server user can read the application and write only the directories that require it, normally wp-content/uploads and selected cache directories. Do not make the entire document root world-writable.
2. Add a dedicated Nginx server block
The following is the essential HTTP shape. Replace the document root and PHP-FPM socket with the paths used by your host:
server {
listen 80;
server_name second.example.com;
root /var/www/second.example.com;
index index.php;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
}
location ~ .php$ {
try_files $uri =404;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock;
}
}server_name is how Nginx chooses the virtual server for the request’s Host header. The root must contain the second site’s index.php. The front-controller fallback sends WordPress pretty-permalink requests to that file, while the PHP block prevents Nginx from passing a nonexistent script to PHP-FPM.
Socket names are distribution- and PHP-version-specific. A host may use a versioned path such as /run/php/php8.x-fpm.sock, a TCP address, or a provider-specific location. Use the socket belonging to the PHP-FPM service that serves this site, not a path copied from another server.
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3. Test and reload without losing the working configuration
Run the Nginx configuration test supplied by your platform, commonly nginx -t. Fix every syntax error, missing include, duplicate listener or invalid certificate path before reloading. Then reload the service using the platform’s service manager, commonly systemctl reload nginx. A reload applies the new configuration while existing workers finish; do not repeatedly restart a service while debugging a configuration that has not passed its test.
4. Add HTTPS for the subdomain
Obtain a certificate covering second.example.com, or a suitable wildcard certificate if your operating model requires many subdomains. Add an HTTPS server block listening on 443 with the certificate and private-key directives, and keep the same document root, server_name, WordPress fallback and PHP-FPM handler. After confirming HTTPS works, redirect HTTP requests to the HTTPS hostname.
WordPress recommends SSL for every mapped domain. If another device terminates TLS before Nginx, make sure the proxy forwards the correct host and HTTPS indicators; otherwise WordPress can generate HTTP links or redirect in a loop.
5. Complete the WordPress installer
Open the final HTTPS subdomain in a browser. The normal installer should appear from the new document root. Enter the new database credentials, choose the site title and administrator account, and finish installation. In the WordPress Address and Site Address fields, use the final HTTPS URL, for example https://second.example.com, without accidentally entering the first site’s hostname.
If the browser shows the original site’s installer or content, stop and inspect Nginx selection before changing WordPress settings. The request may be landing in the first site’s server block.
Set up the subdomain in WordPress Multisite
1. Prepare the network before creating the site
Confirm DNS and the server mapping first. Back up the network’s database, files, wp-config.php and rewrite configuration. In the existing WordPress dashboard, enable the network feature using the documented Multisite preparation process, then open Network Admin and follow the network-creation screen.
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WordPress displays directives that must be added to wp-config.php and rewrite rules that must be applied to the server configuration. Copy those generated values exactly for your installation; do not combine them with rules from an unrelated site.
2. Create the hostname-based site
In Network Admin, choose Sites, add a new site and enter the subdomain and site title. For a fixed hostname, an explicit DNS record is enough. If network administrators will create names on demand, the wildcard DNS record must already resolve those names to the same server.
The network’s shared Nginx block normally points to the single Multisite document root. Do not create a second independent document root unless you are intentionally running a separate installation. The hostname still has to be included in the relevant server_name handling, and the request must reach the network’s WordPress front controller.
3. Secure every mapped hostname
Issue a certificate that covers each mapped hostname or use a wildcard certificate appropriate to the network. Update the site’s URL in Network Admin if the initial value is wrong, then verify that both the network administration URL and the new site’s front end use HTTPS.
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When a browser connects, Nginx first matches the listen address and port, then evaluates server_name against the request’s Host header. If no name matches, Nginx uses the default server for that address and port. That is why a typo in the subdomain, an omitted name, or an unintended default-server declaration can show the first site’s content even though the second site’s files are present.
- Use an exact
server_name second.example.com;for a fixed site. - Do not point two independent installations at the same writable root.
- Keep the root, index and PHP handler in the same server block that handles the hostname.
- For Multisite, ensure the network’s host mapping and generated rewrite settings are applied to the block serving the shared root.
The try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; directive is essential for pages whose paths are not physical files. Without it, the home page may work while posts, pages and custom post-type URLs return 404.
Verify the complete request path
Test each layer in order so a later check does not hide an earlier failure.
- DNS: Query the hostname with your resolver tool and confirm it returns the server’s address. Test both the apex subdomain name and, where applicable, the wildcard-created name.
- Nginx syntax: Run the platform’s configuration test and read the reported file and line number. Reload only after it passes.
- HTTP host routing: Request the hostname explicitly and confirm the response is from the intended site, not the default virtual host.
- PHP execution: Load the WordPress front page and administrator login. A 502 usually means Nginx cannot reach the configured PHP-FPM socket or service.
- Pretty permalinks: Open a published post or page with its normal permalink. A 404 here usually indicates a missing or incorrect front-controller fallback or an incorrect root.
- Authentication: Sign in at
/wp-admin/, navigate between the dashboard and front end, and confirm cookies remain on the same HTTPS hostname. - Media: Upload an image and view it from the Media Library and from a post. This checks filesystem ownership, the uploads path and generated URLs.
- Logs: Review the Nginx error log and the PHP-FPM log while reproducing a failure. The exact log paths vary by distribution and hosting provider.
Troubleshoot the common failures
The hostname does not resolve
Fix the A, AAAA or CNAME record first. Check for an old record at another DNS provider, a typo in the hostname, or a wildcard that points somewhere else. Until DNS reaches this server, changing Nginx has no effect.
The first site’s content appears
Inspect the exact Host header, the spelling of server_name, the listen address and the default-server behavior. Confirm that the request reaches the configuration file you edited and that its root contains the second installation. A browser cache is less likely than a virtual-host mismatch, so verify with a fresh request and the Nginx access log.
Home page works but links return 404
Confirm that the location block contains try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;, that the root is the WordPress directory and that the request is handled by the intended block. In a Multisite network, recheck the rewrite directives generated during network creation.
Nginx returns 502 Bad Gateway
Check that PHP-FPM is running and that fastcgi_pass names its actual Unix socket or TCP endpoint. The socket often changes when the installed PHP version changes. Also check socket permissions and the PHP-FPM log for startup or pool errors.
Login loops or mixed-content warnings appear
Make the WordPress Address, Site Address, certificate names and public hostname agree on HTTPS. If a reverse proxy or TLS terminator sits in front of Nginx, configure the forwarded host and scheme headers so WordPress knows the original request was secure. Clear stale browser cookies only after the server-side hostname and scheme are correct.
The host is managed rather than self-administered
Ask the provider to create the DNS record, virtual host, PHP site and certificate. Managed hosts often use generated Nginx templates, nonstandard document roots and their own PHP-FPM pools; editing a system file directly can be overwritten or can take down other customers’ sites.
Operate both sites safely after launch
- Keep separate-install databases, files and Nginx definitions clearly named so backups cannot be restored to the wrong site.
- Document the PHP-FPM socket, document root, certificate locations and DNS records used by each hostname.
- Apply WordPress core, plugin, theme and operating-system updates according to the architecture: independently for separate installs, with network-wide testing for Multisite.
- Review file ownership after updates and verify that only required directories are writable by the web server.
- Test certificate renewal before expiry and include every mapped hostname in the renewal process.
- Retest the homepage, administrator login, a pretty permalink and a media upload after Nginx, PHP or DNS changes.
The WordPress Developer Resources handbook states that “WordPress supports Nginx.” The practical requirement is precise virtual-host routing: DNS must arrive at this server, Nginx must select the intended hostname and root, PHP-FPM must execute the correct installation, and WordPress must generate URLs for the same HTTPS subdomain.
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