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Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Use Lsyncd’s default.rsyncssh action to watch a local directory, batch filesystem events, and send the resulting changes to a VPS over SSH with rsync. The setup is a one-way mirror: creations, edits, renames, and deletions on the source are propagated after a short delay, and files that exist only on the destination can be removed. Test the configuration in the foreground against a disposable target before enabling it as a service.
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What Lsyncd does—and what it does not do
Lsyncd (Live Syncing Daemon) watches a local directory tree through a filesystem-event interface such as inotify or fsevents. It collects events for a configurable interval, then starts rsync asynchronously to bring a destination closer to the source. This is a live, event-driven mirror rather than block-level replication.
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The project describes Lsyncd as suitable for a slowly changing local directory tree mirrored to a remote filesystem. A file change is therefore not guaranteed to appear on the VPS instantly: it is queued, held for the configured delay, and processed when an rsync process slot is available. That behavior is useful for website assets, deployment trees, documents, and similar data. It is not a substitute for database replication or a design intended for heavily concurrent block-level workloads.
The normal direction is source to destination. Lsyncd does not merge independent edits made on both sides. Treat the local tree as authoritative and the VPS directory as its mirror.
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Prerequisites and safety checks
Prepare both machines before writing the configuration. The daemon must be able to authenticate noninteractively and write the exact destination path.
| Requirement | What to verify | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Operating systems | Linux source and Linux VPS target with Lsyncd and rsync installed | Lsyncd invokes rsync to perform the transfer. |
| Versions | Lsyncd 2.2.1 requires rsync 3.1 or newer on all source and target machines. | An older rsync can fail during startup or behave incompatibly. |
| SSH account | The account named in host can create, modify, move, and delete files below the target directory. |
Mirroring needs more than read access. |
| Authentication | Use a key that works without an interactive password prompt. Record its absolute path for identityFile. |
A daemon cannot stop to ask for credentials. |
| Paths | Use absolute local and remote paths, and confirm ownership and permissions. | A typo or inaccessible path can synchronize the wrong tree or fail repeatedly. |
| Recovery plan | Keep a separate backup and test first against a disposable destination. | The mirror is not versioned backup storage. |
Check the rsync version on both hosts and confirm that the Lsyncd package is the version you intend to operate. The concrete compatibility requirement for Lsyncd 2.2.1 is rsync 3.1 or newer everywhere, not only on the source.
Why default.rsyncssh is the right remote action
Lsyncd includes several synchronization actions. For a VPS reached through SSH, default.rsyncssh separates the remote host from the remote targetdir and lets rsync transfer data through SSH.
Its important distinction is how remote moves are handled. With the SSH-aware action, SSH commands can move a file or directory locally on the VPS instead of deleting the old path and retransmitting the same data. That can preserve an existing remote copy during a rename and reduce unnecessary transfer work. The action still relies on rsync for synchronization and still applies source-side deletions to the mirror.
| Choice | Use it when | Behavior to account for |
|---|---|---|
default.rsyncssh |
The destination is a VPS reached over SSH and remote moves should be handled on the target. | Configure host, targetdir, and the ssh table. |
| Rsync action | You need the simpler rsync form or are testing a compatible remote endpoint. | It does not provide the SSH-side move handling of rsyncssh. |
Create the Lsyncd configuration
Save a Lua configuration at /etc/lsyncd/lsyncd.conf.lua, unless your distribution uses another path. The following example watches /srv/site/ and mirrors it to the same path on a VPS:
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settings {
logfile = "/var/log/lsyncd/lsyncd.log",
statusFile = "/var/log/lsyncd/lsyncd.status",
statusInterval = 20,
}
sync {
default.rsyncssh,
source = "/srv/site/",
host = "[email protected]",
targetdir = "/srv/site/",
delay = 15,
rsync = {
archive = true,
compress = true,
verbose = true,
},
ssh = {
identityFile = "/root/.ssh/id_ed25519",
port = 22,
},
}The file is Lua syntax. Keep the trailing commas and braces as shown, and change every example path, account, host, and key location to match your environment.
Global settings
logfilerecords Lsyncd activity at/var/log/lsyncd/lsyncd.log. Ensure the daemon can create and write the directory.statusFilewrites status information to/var/log/lsyncd/lsyncd.status.statusInterval = 20requests status updates every 20 seconds. This is observability, not the file-transfer delay.
Synchronization settings
sourceis the local directory being watched. The trailing slash expresses the contents of that directory and should be chosen deliberately.hostcombines the SSH user and VPS hostname. In the example,deployis the remote account andvps.example.comis the host.targetdiris the absolute directory on the VPS. The SSH user must be able to operate there.delay = 15batches events for roughly 15 seconds before starting synchronization. It limits churn during a burst of edits but also means the mirror is not instantaneous.
Rsync options
archive = true requests archive-mode preservation, compress = true enables compression during transfer, and verbose = true makes transfer activity easier to inspect while testing. These options affect rsync’s work; they do not change the one-way nature of the mirror.
SSH options
identityFile points to the private key that the daemon will use. port = 22 selects the SSH port; change it if the VPS listens elsewhere. Any additional SSH options required by your host can be supplied through the SSH configuration supported by your Lsyncd version.
Verify SSH as the daemon user
Before starting Lsyncd, perform an SSH login using the same account and key that the daemon will use:
ssh -i /root/.ssh/id_ed25519 [email protected]Run this test as the operating-system user that will run Lsyncd. A login that works for your personal account may still fail for a service account because of different home directories, key permissions, known-host files, or environment settings.
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Once connected, check the destination path and its permissions. The account needs to create a file, change it, rename it, and remove it under /srv/site/. If any of those operations is denied interactively, Lsyncd will not be able to maintain the mirror.
Validate in the foreground before daemonizing
Use foreground mode for the first run. The -nodaemon option keeps Lsyncd output in the console so that syntax, SSH, permission, and rsync errors are visible immediately.
- Confirm that the configuration file contains the intended absolute source and target paths.
- Start Lsyncd in the foreground:
sudo lsyncd -nodaemon /etc/lsyncd/lsyncd.conf.lua - Watch the console and the configured logfile for startup errors.
- Under the source directory, create a harmless test file.
- Edit the file and wait longer than the configured 15-second delay. Confirm that the changed content appears on the VPS.
- Rename the test file. Confirm that the remote name changes without leaving an unexpected duplicate.
- Delete the test file locally and confirm that the corresponding remote file is removed.
- Inspect the status file and verify that activity and errors are consistent with the test operations.
Use a disposable target during this exercise. A deletion test is intentional: it demonstrates the exact behavior that can remove production data if the source path or exclusion policy is wrong.
Understand deletion before using a production tree
Under normal mirror configuration, Lsyncd deletes pre-existing files in the target directory that are not present in the corresponding source directory. A local deletion therefore becomes a remote deletion. So does pointing source at an empty or incorrect directory: the VPS may be made to match that unintended source.
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There is no built-in historical version set in this workflow. Keep an independent backup if you need to recover an earlier state. Do not treat the VPS mirror as the only copy of a file.
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Review the source tree before enabling the service:
- Exclude temporary files and editor swap files that should never be published.
- Exclude sockets, caches, and runtime artifacts that are not meaningful on the target.
- Exclude secrets unless the destination is explicitly designed and secured to hold them.
- Keep active database files out of a directory synchronized this way; use a database-aware replication or backup method instead.
- Check that generated files and deployment output are located where you expect, rather than synchronizing an entire parent directory by accident.
Configure exclusions using the options supported by your installed Lsyncd and rsync versions, then repeat the create, rename, and delete tests with representative filenames. An exclusion that is not tested can create a misleading sense of safety.
Delay, batching, and consistency expectations
Lsyncd is asynchronous by design. It collates filesystem events for the delay period and starts rsync processes when slots are available. If a directory receives many changes at once, the remote state can lag behind the local state while those events are queued or transferred.
A 15-second delay is only an example. Shortening it can reduce the visible lag but may start more rsync work during bursts. Lengthening it can reduce process churn and produce larger batches, at the cost of a longer window in which the VPS is stale. Choose the value according to how quickly the remote copy must converge and how frequently the source changes.
This model works best for slowly changing trees. A database that is writing pages continuously, a workload that depends on block-level ordering, or two systems editing the same files concurrently requires a different consistency design.
Run Lsyncd as a service after testing
After the foreground test succeeds, stop that process and start the Lsyncd service using the unit or daemon command supplied by your Linux distribution. The exact service name and startup command vary by packaging, so use the unit installed with your package rather than copying a command for another distribution.
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Command-line shortcuts for experiments
The invocation guide also documents short forms that are useful for quick tests:
lsyncd -rsync /home/USER/src remotehost:dst
lsyncd -rsyncssh /home/USER/src REMOTEHOST TARGETDIRThe first form uses the rsync action with a remote destination. The second selects the SSH-aware action and supplies the remote host and target directory as arguments. The command-line interface supports multiple targets, and -version prints the installed Lsyncd version. For a repeatable service, a configuration file is easier to review because it records logging, status, delay, rsync, and SSH settings together.
Troubleshooting common failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | Checks and corrective action |
|---|---|---|
| Lsyncd exits immediately with a configuration error | Lua syntax error, wrong configuration path, or an unsupported option | Run with -nodaemon, inspect the exact line reported, and compare the file with the documented settings and sync structure. |
| SSH asks for a password or passphrase | The daemon cannot perform noninteractive authentication | Test SSH as the daemon user with the configured identityFile. Install a suitable key-based login or adjust the account’s SSH setup. |
| Permission denied on the VPS | The remote account cannot write, move, or delete in targetdir |
Log in as that account and perform each operation in the target directory, then correct ownership or permissions. |
| Changes appear late | The configured delay, queued events, or available rsync process slots | Wait beyond the delay, inspect the logfile and status file, and choose a lower delay only if the workload needs faster convergence. |
| Renames transfer more data than expected | The generic rsync action is being used instead of default.rsyncssh |
Use the SSH-aware action when the VPS should move existing files locally through SSH. |
| Remote files disappear | A source deletion, an exclusion mistake, or an incorrect or empty source path | Stop the service, verify source, inspect the event log, restore from an independent backup if needed, and retest against a disposable target. |
| No status or log output | The configured directories do not exist or are not writable by the service user | Create the directories with appropriate ownership and restart in foreground mode to expose the error. |
| Only some files synchronize | Exclusions, permissions, unsupported file types, or a source tree that is changing during transfer | Test a single harmless file, review exclusion rules, and inspect rsync and Lsyncd output for the skipped path. |
A production-readiness checklist
- Both machines have compatible Lsyncd and rsync installations; for Lsyncd 2.2.1, rsync is at least 3.1 on every host.
- The SSH key works without interaction for the same user that runs Lsyncd.
- The account can create, edit, rename, and delete files below the remote target.
- The configuration uses absolute paths and the intended trailing-slash semantics.
default.rsyncsshis selected for the SSH-connected VPS use case.- The delay reflects the acceptable stale-data window.
- Temporary files, sockets, caches, secrets, and active database files have been reviewed and excluded where appropriate.
- A disposable target has passed create, edit, rename, and delete tests.
- Logfile and status-file paths are writable and monitored.
- An independent backup exists for data that must be recoverable after an accidental deletion.
Choosing the right setup for your VPS
Choose a VPS with reliable SSH access, enough storage for the mirror, and an account whose permissions can be limited to the intended target directory. Keep the source authoritative, document the SSH identity and port, and make the deletion behavior part of the operating procedure rather than an afterthought.
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For a single slowly changing directory tree, the configuration above provides a practical event-to-rsync pipeline: Lsyncd observes local changes, waits briefly, and uses rsync over SSH to converge the VPS. Its safety depends on correct paths, tested permissions, deliberate exclusions, visible logs, and a separate backup.
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