How to migrate Intel SGX workloads to TDX? Start by identifying how the application uses SGX. A workload built on a library OS (LibOS) such as Gramine or Occlum may be able to move into a TDX confidential virtual machine (CVM) with relatively few application changes. A workload built directly against the Intel SGX SDK needs a more substantial redesign: its enclave boundary, SGX-specific calls, and generated boundary code do not carry over unchanged.
The choice is not simply whether the program starts. SGX isolates an enclave; TDX protects a virtual machine. That changes which software belongs to the trusted computing base (TCB), what the attestation evidence proves, and how application components are separated. Choose a migration path that preserves the security properties your workload actually depends on, then validate it on the TDX-enabled guest OS and platform you intend to use.
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First determine how the workload uses SGX
Inventory the application before estimating the migration. The most important distinction is whether SGX is hidden behind a LibOS or used directly through an SDK. Intel’s Transition Paths for Intel SGX Applications to Intel TDX guide, dated October 9, 2026, treats these as substantially different starting architectures.
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LibOS-based application
A LibOS mediates SGX APIs for the application. That abstraction can make it possible, in theory, to run the application outside an enclave with little or no application-code modification. It does not mean the whole deployment is automatically compatible or that every SGX security feature is preserved. The LibOS may provide conveniences or protections—such as automatic file encryption and decryption, or attestation—that you will need to identify and replace if they are absent from the new environment.
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Direct Intel SGX SDK application
A native SDK application calls enclave functions and SGX APIs directly. Its trusted and standard-security portions are separated using SGX-specific boundaries and generated glue, including EDL and Edger8r output. The application does not run outside SGX unchanged. Plan to remove or replace SGX-specific calls and boundary code, then decide whether the former portions should become one application or remain separate applications or containers.
Make an inventory that connects architecture to security requirements
For each workload, record the components that use SGX, the data and secrets they handle, the operations that currently cross enclave boundaries, and any LibOS or SDK features on which they depend. Then write down the security claim that the deployment must support. For example, does the design need evidence that the VM launched in an expected state, evidence about which application is running inside it, or isolation between application components?
These are different requirements. TDX attestation covers the CVM; it does not natively attest applications running inside that VM. Likewise, moving two formerly distinct SGX portions into one VM does not recreate an enclave boundary between them. Treat application identity and component separation as explicit design questions, not as automatic consequences of using TDX.
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Choose a TDX migration path
The main options differ in what you start with, how much architecture work they require, and what enters the TCB. Intel defines the TCB as the software inside an SGX enclave or TDX Trust Domain. In a TDX CVM, the isolation boundary moves to the VM, so the guest environment matters to the security analysis.
| Starting point and destination | Migration shape | TCB and attestation considerations |
|---|---|---|
| LibOS to a full guest OS in a TDX CVM | The simplest and closest to a lift-and-shift path; validate guest compatibility and replace any LibOS-only protections or features. | The virtual firmware and full guest OS are part of the TCB. TDX attests the CVM, not applications inside it; application-integrity evidence needs additional work. |
| LibOS to a reduced-kernel TDX CVM | Use a smaller guest environment to reduce the amount of guest software. | Reduces the TCB relative to a full-featured guest OS, but does not by itself attest the application inside the VM. |
| LibOS or containerized workload to CoCo | Run a containerized workload or pod inside a CVM and apply guest attestation and image policy checks. | Policy can govern secret release after successful checks. Container and attestation components add deployment and operational requirements. |
| Direct SDK to one unified application in a TDX CVM | Remove SGX calls and generated boundary glue, then combine the formerly trusted and standard-security portions. | Separation within the resulting application is software-based rather than an SGX hardware enclave boundary. |
| Direct SDK to separate applications or containers in TDX | Remove SGX calls and glue while retaining functional segmentation; enforce access through network and container-management controls. | Separation is software-enforced, not hardware enclave isolation. The container management system adds to the TCB, and application attestation needs additional work. |
LibOS to a full guest OS: prioritize a compatibility baseline
This is the most straightforward starting route when the immediate goal is to get a LibOS workload operating in a TDX CVM. It is the closest option to lift and shift, not a promise of a no-change migration. First establish whether the selected TDX-enabled guest OS supports the application and its dependencies. Then check which capabilities came from the LibOS rather than the application itself. If it handled file encryption and decryption or provided attestation, decide how the new design will supply those functions before treating the migration as equivalent.
The trade-off is the larger guest-side TCB: virtual firmware and the full guest OS are inside the trust boundary. A valid TDX attestation of the CVM does not prove which application is running inside it. This path is therefore most appropriate when its broader TCB is acceptable and the application-level evidence requirement can be met separately or is not part of the security claim.
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LibOS to a reduced-kernel CVM: reduce guest code, not attestation gaps
A reduced Linux kernel can trim guest software and reduce the TCB relative to a full-featured guest. That is a meaningful architectural distinction when limiting trusted code is a priority. It does not change the basic attestation limitation: the CVM can be attested, but application identity inside it is not inherently established by TDX attestation. Assess both the reduced guest’s compatibility with the workload and the mechanism that will support any required application-level proof.
Containerized workload to CoCo: use policy as part of the deployment
For containerized workloads, Confidential Containers (CoCo) provides a path described by Intel in which a pod runs in its own CVM. The model combines guest attestation with policy checks on signed or encrypted images; secrets can be released when policy succeeds. This makes the policy and attestation flow part of the application’s deployment architecture, rather than an afterthought.
That capability comes with operational work. Evaluate the container and attestation components, how policies are authored and maintained, and how secret release is controlled in the target environment. Intel names the Confidential Containers project, Red Hat OpenShift Confidential Containers, and Edgeless Systems Contrast as technologies to investigate—not as endorsements or proof of compatibility with a particular cloud, region, guest, or software version. Check current TDX availability, supported guests, component versions, and operating requirements for the deployment you plan to run.
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Direct SDK to one application: simplify the component model
If the former trusted and standard-security portions can safely be combined, one option is to remove SGX-specific APIs and generated EDL/Edger8r glue and consolidate the functionality in a single application inside a TDX CVM. This avoids retaining a container-management system solely to keep those portions apart. But code that used to be isolated by an SGX enclave boundary is no longer protected from other code in the same CVM by that hardware boundary. Any necessary separation must be designed and enforced in software.
Direct SDK to separate applications or containers: keep boundaries operational
If the components should remain distinct, separate applications or containers can preserve functional segmentation after SGX is removed. Their access controls must be enforced through the network and container manager. This is not a replacement for enclave isolation: the separation is software-enforced, and the container management system adds to the TCB. As with the unified design, do not assume that attesting the CVM establishes the identity or integrity of each application inside it.
Migrate in stages
Use a staged process so that compatibility work, security changes, and production rollout are reviewed separately. Exact platform interfaces and configuration steps depend on the cloud or private TDX environment and guest OS; verify those details against the target platform rather than relying on a generic recipe.
- Document the current security boundary. Map SGX-dependent code, enclave interfaces, LibOS services, secrets, data flows, and the security assumptions behind each boundary. Identify whether the workload is LibOS-based or directly SDK-based.
- Define what must remain true after migration. State whether the design requires a small TCB, VM-state attestation, proof of application identity, isolation between components, or some combination. Distinguish the evidence TDX provides for the CVM from additional evidence required for applications running inside it.
- Select the architecture before changing code. Choose among a full guest, reduced-kernel guest, CoCo-based container deployment, unified application, or separate applications/containers. Record why its TCB, attestation granularity, policy controls, and operational demands fit the workload.
- Build a compatibility baseline on the actual target. Deploy a representative workload to the selected TDX-enabled guest OS and the intended cloud or private platform. Validate its dependencies and behavior there. Compatibility should be established for that target, not inferred from the fact that the workload previously ran under SGX.
- Replace SGX-only behavior. For a LibOS workload, verify which LibOS features remain available and replace any missing file-protection or attestation functions. For a direct SDK workload, remove SGX APIs and generated boundary glue, then implement the selected application structure and access controls.
- Implement attestation and secret-release policy. Decide what must be measured or verified before secrets are released. If application identity matters, add the required development or service integration; CVM attestation alone does not provide native application attestation. For a CoCo design, validate the guest-attestation and image-policy path as well as the release condition for secrets.
- Test security properties as well as functionality. Confirm that the intended TCB matches the architecture, that components cannot access data or services outside their policy, and that attestation checks reject states or images that should not be trusted. A successful launch is not, by itself, evidence that the original SGX security properties have been preserved.
- Roll out only after target-specific validation. Test the final guest, application package, attestation components, policies, and platform together. Recheck regional or provider availability and supported software versions at deployment time, because those details can vary and change.
Plan validation around the security claim
A migration can be functionally successful while leaving an important security requirement unmet. Review the result against the claim the workload is supposed to make, rather than using “runs in a TDX CVM” as a complete acceptance criterion.
- Guest compatibility: Confirm the selected TDX-enabled guest OS supports the workload and dependencies. Repeat validation on the actual target platform.
- TCB scope: Identify the guest components trusted by the chosen path. A full guest option includes virtual firmware and the full guest OS; a reduced kernel trims guest code but does not eliminate the need to evaluate the remaining trusted components.
- Application identity: If a relying party needs proof of which application is inside the CVM, specify and validate the additional development or service integration that supplies it.
- Component isolation: For formerly distinct SGX portions, verify whether they are unified or remain separate and which software controls enforce access. Neither option recreates hardware enclave isolation between components.
- Secrets and images: For a policy-driven container path, verify the image checks, guest-attestation conditions, and secret-release behavior that must succeed before a workload receives credentials.
- Operational ownership: Assign responsibility for guest maintenance, container management, policies, and attestation components. These operational dependencies are part of choosing and sustaining the architecture.
How to make the decision
There is no universal best path. Intel’s transition guide frames the choice as a function of the starting point—LibOS or SDK—the desired security characteristics of the transitioned application, and the resources available to support the effort. Apply that decision in this order:
- If the workload uses a LibOS and minimizing application change is the immediate priority, begin by validating it in a full guest TDX CVM. Treat the larger guest TCB and missing native application attestation as explicit trade-offs, and identify any LibOS functions that must be replaced.
- If reducing trusted guest code matters, assess a reduced-kernel CVM, while planning separately for application identity and compatibility.
- If the workload is containerized and needs image-aware policy or conditional secret release, evaluate a CoCo deployment and its additional operational components.
- If the workload uses the SGX SDK directly, decide whether it can become one application or must remain segmented. Either choice requires SGX-specific changes; separate containers add management components to the TCB and do not restore enclave isolation.
- If the workload must prove application identity, treat that as a distinct implementation requirement regardless of whether the VM itself can be attested.
Intel’s guide presents these as major migration directions, not an exhaustive catalog. A particular deployment may require a tailored design, and the right choice depends on the target platform and team capacity as well as the starting code architecture.
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